Experimental and theoretical author's experience is summarized. Its central idea is the possibility to build a new psychological science as applied to education on the basis of L. S. Vygotsky's ideas. The most important notions are psychological age, leading activity, central mental function, social situation of development, age-specific psychological new formations. The most attention is paid to the problem of sense and meaning and to corresponding L. S. Vygotsky's notion of system and sense structure of consciousness.