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SUMMARIES

 

Junior schoolchild as a subject of learning activity: Typological analysis

G.A. Tsukerman

The first results of longitudinal study based on Elkonin - Davydov's educative system show which individual features assist and which oppose participation in joint learning activity. The method of the study employs marking out of typological groups accordingly to interpsychic learning action characteristics and the evaluation of children's (included in qualitatively different groups) prevailing personal and intellectual features. It is demonstrated that the number of real subjects of learning activity after two years of education has doubled. These children differ from their classmates by two characteristics: non-verbal factors in their intellectual profile are more pronounced than verbal ones; the children possess the trend to self-change.

 

Preschoolers living in incomplete families: Specificity of emotional-personal sphere

E.O. Smirnova, V.S. Sobkin, O.E. Asadulina, A.A. Novakovskaya

The results of comparative analysis of living in complete and incomplete families 5 - 7-years-olds' pictures are presented. There were differences between two samples. The pictures of children from in-complete families show reduced levels of emotional vigor, connections with the others, I-image. The most meaningful differences have been found in boys. The data demonstrate that the boys living with lone mothers suffer more emotional discomfort than the girls.

 

Psychic development of a prematurely born child

Z.V. Loukovtseva, L.L. Baz

Paper presents a review of Russian and foreign literature in main problems of psychic development of prematurely born babies. Determinants of development known in contemporary psychology have been systematized. Special attention is paid to factors, determining specificity of psychic development of prematurely born children, as well as to urgent questions of psychidiagnostic work in this field.

 

Peculiarities of cognitive and motivational personality development of gifted senior schoolchildren

E.I. Shcheblanova

The paper offers the results of longitudinal research of the peculiarities of cognitive and non-cognitive personality development of mentally gifted senior schoolchildren as compared with average children of the same age. 120 pupils of 9-th grades have been tested three times in a year with the help of methods of diagnostic of intellectual and creative abilities, school and outschool achievements and motivational-personality peculiarities. Stable differences in cognitive and non-cognitive personality development of pupils with different kinds and levels of giftedness and successfulness in learning activity have been exposed.

 

One more approach to Piaget's phenomenon

L.M. Fridman

The author argues that M. Donaldson's interpretation of Piaget's phenomenon is not correct and presents the results of the experiment carried out under his guidance that corroborates J. Piaget's conclusion.

 

Peculiarities of socialization of modern teenagers

D.V. Yartsev

Analysis of psychological literature on the psychological peculiarities of teenagers and the results of the author's questionnaire made it possible to outline a comparative characteristic of teenagers of the 70-80-s and teenagers of today. It has been found out that the social-economic changes of the last years in Russia lead to great changes in social-psychological portrait of a modern teenager. Knowing of this change is considered as a condition of creating of educative programs for teenagers and of correctional-developing work with them.

 

Machiavellianism and fib phenomenon

V.V. Znakov

The article deals with the study of relationship of the level of personal machiavellianism and the subject's tendency to fib in the situations of interpersonal communication. Three hypotheses have been proved: 1) people, inclined to fib, in experiments show high marks by machiavellianism scale; 2) they have a relatively low level of self-respect and low self-esteem of moral qualities of personality by "Personality differential", low marks in altruism factor of Liri's method and, on the contrary, high marks in suspiciousness factor; 3) in women's personality structure machiavellianistic attitudes and abilities are less expressed than those in men's, therefore the psychological basis of understanding of fib situations are primarily different in women and men.

 

Metamorphosed forms in C.G. Jung's archetype theory

E.Yu. Zavershneva

The article deals with a possibility of introduction of the "metamorphosed forms" notion into science vocabulary on the example of C.G. Jung's archetype theory. The main archetypes' characteristics corresponding to this notion are analyzed. The author shows that a number of problems, deepening the contemporary psychology crisis, can be solved with the help of the abovementioned notion.

 

Behavior of an applicant in the process of job interview as a factor of establishment of trust

S.I. Simonenko

When making conclusions concerning truth of information obtained from an applicant and, therefore, about adequacy of him/her for this or that vacancy, specialists in selection of stuff often rely on concrete behavior characteristics of an applicant during job interview. The results of the author's investigation show that characteristics of an applicant which are used by the employers or recruiters as the psychological basis in assessment of the information as true or not vary in reliability (or in effectiveness as criteria of lie or truth), and some of these characteristics predetermine incorrect conclusions. What is more, the most popular characteristics have turned to be the reason of the most common mistakes.

 

Strategic processing of paralinguistic discourse

M.C. Andrianov

The author describes important and comparatively less examined type of non-verbal communication - pose-tonic activity of a person. Alternative to traditional classification and interpretation - paralinguistic discourse - is offered. The study confirms the relevancy of such a method.

 

Special features of aesthetic attitude to reality

A.A. Alaskan

Special features of aesthetic attitude of object reality were experimentally studied in adults (professional artists and those whose profession is not connected to art) and in children (preschoolers, junior and senior schoolchildren). The method of object description was used. Professional artists and preschoolers were characterized by emotionality, wholeness and finality of description, strategic independence of cognition. There are prerequisites of artistic development in young children and adolescents partly lose these prerequisites.

 

G.G. Shpet and M.M. Bakhtin

(opponents or like-minded persons?)

V.P. Zinchenko

The author compares views of outstanding humanitarians on the problems of I, Subject, Personality and Thing. Popular opinion on importance of differences between positions of two scientists is questioned.

 

The problem of aesthetic experience in G.G. Shpet's concept of "psychology of social being"

T.D. Martsinkovskaya

The paper is devoted to the psycho-philosophical concept of personality, carried out by one of the famous Russian scientists G.G. Shpet. It is shown that in the center of G.G. Shpet's theory was the idea of "aesthetic emotions", e.i. emotions which are connected to the inner form of art products - poems, roles, pictures, etc. The emotions provided by the author during perception become inner motives of the spectator. This is one of the main ways of forming new consciousness - cultural consciousness. So the result of G.G. Shpet's investigations of culture and its influence on personal development was the idea that it is based not on intellectual, but on emotional mechanisms and the best way to provide such emotions is art.

 

Individual ways of categorization of subjective risk

T.V. Kornilova

Subjective risk representations while making a professional decision are investigated with the help of psychosemantic method. Psychological scales characterizing individual acceptance of choice situations by managers who deal with financing of projects have been established. Subjective models of risk-taking as being more representative indices than that of a normative questionnaire aimed at diagnostics of personal inclination to risk are discussed.