SUMMARIES
Junior schoolchild as a
subject of learning activity: Typological analysis
G.A. Tsukerman
The first results of longitudinal study based on Elkonin - Davydov's
educative system show which individual features assist and which oppose
participation in joint learning activity. The method of the study employs
marking out of typological groups accordingly to interpsychic learning action
characteristics and the evaluation of children's (included in qualitatively
different groups) prevailing personal and intellectual features. It is
demonstrated that the number of real subjects of learning activity after two
years of education has doubled. These children differ from their classmates by
two characteristics: non-verbal factors in their intellectual profile are more
pronounced than verbal ones; the children possess the trend to self-change.
Preschoolers living in
incomplete families: Specificity of emotional-personal sphere
The results of comparative analysis of living in complete and incomplete
families 5 - 7-years-olds' pictures are presented. There were differences between
two samples. The pictures of children from in-complete families show reduced
levels of emotional vigor, connections with the others, I-image. The most
meaningful differences have been found in boys. The data demonstrate that the
boys living with lone mothers suffer more emotional discomfort than the girls.
Psychic development of a
prematurely born child
Z.V. Loukovtseva, L.L. Baz
Paper presents a review of Russian and foreign literature in main
problems of psychic development of prematurely born babies. Determinants of
development known in contemporary psychology have been systematized. Special
attention is paid to factors, determining specificity of psychic development of
prematurely born children, as well as to urgent questions of psychidiagnostic
work in this field.
Peculiarities of cognitive
and motivational personality development of gifted senior schoolchildren
E.I. Shcheblanova
The paper offers the results of longitudinal research of the
peculiarities of cognitive and non-cognitive personality development of
mentally gifted senior schoolchildren as compared with average children of the same
age. 120 pupils of 9-th grades have been tested three times in a year with the
help of methods of diagnostic of intellectual and creative abilities, school
and outschool achievements and motivational-personality peculiarities. Stable
differences in cognitive and non-cognitive personality development of pupils
with different kinds and levels of giftedness and successfulness in learning
activity have been exposed.
One more approach to
Piaget's phenomenon
L.M. Fridman
The author argues that M. Donaldson's interpretation of Piaget's
phenomenon is not correct and presents the results of the experiment carried
out under his guidance that corroborates J. Piaget's conclusion.
Peculiarities of
socialization of modern teenagers
D.V. Yartsev
Analysis of psychological literature on the psychological peculiarities
of teenagers and the results of the author's questionnaire made it possible to
outline a comparative characteristic of teenagers of the 70-80-s and teenagers
of today. It has been found out that the social-economic changes of the last
years in Russia lead to great changes in social-psychological portrait of a
modern teenager. Knowing of this change is considered as a condition of
creating of educative programs for teenagers and of correctional-developing
work with them.
Machiavellianism and fib
phenomenon
V.V. Znakov
The article deals with the study of relationship of the level of
personal machiavellianism and the subject's tendency to fib in the situations
of interpersonal communication. Three hypotheses have been proved: 1) people,
inclined to fib, in experiments show high marks by machiavellianism scale; 2)
they have a relatively low level of self-respect and low self-esteem of moral
qualities of personality by "Personality differential", low marks in
altruism factor of Liri's method and, on the contrary, high marks in
suspiciousness factor; 3) in women's personality structure machiavellianistic
attitudes and abilities are less expressed than those in men's, therefore the
psychological basis of understanding of fib situations are primarily different
in women and men.
Metamorphosed forms in C.G.
Jung's archetype theory
E.Yu. Zavershneva
The article deals with a possibility of introduction of the "metamorphosed
forms" notion into science vocabulary on the example of C.G. Jung's archetype
theory. The main archetypes' characteristics corresponding to this notion are analyzed.
The author shows that a number of problems, deepening the contemporary
psychology crisis, can be solved with the help of the abovementioned notion.
Behavior of an applicant in
the process of job interview as a factor of establishment of trust
S.I. Simonenko
When making conclusions concerning truth of information obtained from an
applicant and, therefore, about adequacy of him/her for this or that vacancy,
specialists in selection of stuff often rely on concrete behavior
characteristics of an applicant during job interview. The results of the
author's investigation show that characteristics of an applicant which are used
by the employers or recruiters as the psychological basis in assessment of the
information as true or not vary in reliability (or in effectiveness as criteria
of lie or truth), and some of these characteristics predetermine incorrect
conclusions. What is more, the most popular characteristics have turned to be
the reason of the most common mistakes.
Strategic processing of
paralinguistic discourse
M.C. Andrianov
The author describes important and comparatively less examined type of
non-verbal communication - pose-tonic activity of a person. Alternative to
traditional classification and interpretation - paralinguistic discourse - is
offered. The study confirms the relevancy of such a method.
Special features of
aesthetic attitude to reality
A.A. Alaskan
Special features of aesthetic attitude of object reality were
experimentally studied in adults (professional artists and those whose
profession is not connected to art) and in children (preschoolers, junior and
senior schoolchildren). The method of object description was used. Professional
artists and preschoolers were characterized by emotionality, wholeness and
finality of description, strategic independence of cognition. There are
prerequisites of artistic development in young children and adolescents partly
lose these prerequisites.
G.G. Shpet and M.M. Bakhtin
(opponents or like-minded
persons?)
V.P. Zinchenko
The author compares views of outstanding humanitarians on the problems
of I, Subject, Personality and Thing. Popular opinion on importance of differences
between positions of two scientists is questioned.
The problem of aesthetic
experience in G.G. Shpet's concept of "psychology of social being"
T.D. Martsinkovskaya
The paper is devoted to the psycho-philosophical concept of personality,
carried out by one of the famous Russian scientists G.G. Shpet. It is shown
that in the center of G.G. Shpet's theory was the idea of "aesthetic
emotions", e.i. emotions which are connected to the inner form of art
products - poems, roles, pictures, etc. The emotions provided by the author
during perception become inner motives of the spectator. This is one of the
main ways of forming new consciousness - cultural consciousness. So the result
of G.G. Shpet's investigations of culture and its influence on personal
development was the idea that it is based not on intellectual, but on emotional
mechanisms and the best way to provide such emotions is art.
Individual ways of
categorization of subjective risk
T.V. Kornilova
Subjective risk representations while making a
professional decision are investigated with the help of psychosemantic method. Psychological
scales characterizing individual acceptance of choice situations by managers
who deal with financing of projects have been established. Subjective models of
risk-taking as being more representative indices than that of a normative
questionnaire aimed at diagnostics of personal inclination to risk are
discussed.