158
SUMMARIES
The
science of behavior: Russian way
A new scientific subject – behavioral science – has been developed by Russian scientists as an answer to logical demands of human organism cognition: different from psychology of consciousness, on the one hand, and from neuro-phisiology, on the other. Categorical apparatus was worked out by I. Sechenov, I. Pavlov, G. Bekhterev, L. Vygotsky, A. Ukhtomsky: inhibition, conditional reflex, reinforcement, signal, self-regulation, dominanta, orienting reflex, signal systems correlation, etc. These notions reflect basic vital activity projected to phisiological picture of organism and to psychological one as well.
The
peculiarities of child and adolescent
personal attitude towards nature
V.A.
Yasvin
Dynamic and structural changes in child and adolescent personal attitude
towards nature were experimentally
investigated. It is shown that its
ontogenetic development is of irregular
and heterochronous character. Some
age-specific features of attitude
towards nature are demonstrated.
Schoolchildren's
perception of human image in paintings
and drawings
V.A
.Guruzhapov
The features of arts perception development in
children 8 – 9 to 13 – 14 years of age
were longitudinally investigated. It is
shown that special educative conditions lead to adequate perception of
human image in paintings and drawings:
junior children comprehend actions of a
personage and senior children – the
peculiarities of character and mood. Incomprehension is often due to incorrect interpretation of certain details and social stereotypes of art perception and does not possess age-specific characteristics.
Evaluation
of educator's ability for decentration
S.V.
Zaitsev
Pedagogical consciousness of kindergarten
educators is analyzed. It is shown that
professional consciousness is not free
of inadequate and stereotype views on specific features of child's
psychic organization. It is based on adult egocentrism phenomenon demonstrated
and described by the author. It is
stated that educator's centration on adult position, inability to accept child's standpoint, correctly interpret child's words and actions is logical
consequence of traditional (educative-disciplining) model. The transition to
modern person-centered model is impossible without radical changes in educators' professional consciousness. Possible means to it are described.
Psychological
consulting of students:
Problems
and special features
A.V.
Yupitov
The author analyses
questions asked and problems discussed
during psychological consultation of
the students. Some advice in dealing with
these is offered.
159
Psychological
aspects of Chechnya affair elucidation
in TV programmes
T.L.
Alavidze, K.V. Antonyuk, A.A. Vil'danova
Interpretation of Chechnya affair and its participants in informative TV programs is discussed. Analyzing psychological mechanisms of audience's perception of TV-formed picture of Chechnya crisis
the authors offer their prognosis of
public opinion changes.
Reaction
time and intelligence:
Why
are they correlating? (Concerning brain
discriminative ability)
N.I.
Chuprikova
Inner psychologo-phisiological causes of correlation between reaction time and
intelligence are discussed. The author argues
that one of fundamental indices of intelligence is brain discriminative
ability: if psychic contents is syncretic and structures are global-diffuse, then high levels of
synthesis, generalization and
abstraction are impossible. The notion that reaction time and stimulus
identification time form good laboratory model for the exposure of brain
discriminative ability, that is for the ability to distinguish and differentiate
sensory, perceptive and conceptual contents is substantiated. A hypothesis of
neuro-phisiological mechanism of brain
discriminative ability, depending on
culture, education and environment in general, and its morphological basis, independent of these, is offered.
Moscow
Psychological society (1885-1992)
A.N.
Zhdan
Modern
concept of aims and methods of
psychology (an address on the first
Moscow Psychological society meeting,
March 14, 1$85)
M.M.
Troitsky
The publications in commemoration of 110-th anniversary of Moscow Psychological
society are presented: A.N. Zhdan
analyses its activity. Extracts from Society's first chairman M.M.
Troitsky's address are given.
Imitative
behavior in early ontogenesis:
An
experience of a study
M.V.
Soboleva
A new method of imitative behavior in infants (5,9 – 14,9 months old) study
is offered. It was tried on 178
children. It is shown
that mimic imitation loses its leading part after 6 months of age. Some
children (17%) do not demonstrate
imitative behavior.
O.K.
Tikhomirov
The article depicts significant for psychology
notions by K. Popper: the problems of
thinking, personal contacts, social conditionality of psyche, development,
activity, determinism and indeterminism,
etc.