156
SUMMARIES
Interpersonal
relations: ontogenetic approach
E.
O. Smirnova
The author uses a
humanistic approach to consider the problem of interpersonal relations. The
author hypothesizes that the insufficiency of other peoples' perceptions as an
external factor of personal life is based on the notion of dialogicality
of consciousness. Basic inclusion of interpersonal relations in a person's
self-perception is emphasized. Two types of human relations — «I-He» and
«I-You» are described. The latter is genetically primary and necessary for
child's consciousness and the development of self-perception.
Mother-child
interaction
R.
H. Muhamedrakhimov
Modern studies of
the child's orientation to interaction with the mother, child-oriented mother's
behavior, and the process of their interaction are reviewed. The data on the
formation of the child's attachment to the mother, on the influence of mother's
behavior on child's attachment, and later development of the child are
analyzed. The need to work out measures for children at risk and their
rehabilitation in close interaction with mothers is emphasized.
Î. V. Gordeeva
The author describes
consecutive development of ambivalence understanding in children and compares
it to the formation of notions of causality in emotional sphere and to general cognitive
development. Modem psychoanalytic literature on the development of ability to
have ambivalent emotions is analyzed as well as the differentiating and
integrative role these emotions play in the comprehension of experience.
Mental states: their correction and formation
Yu. B. Nekrasova
Mental states are
considered to be the main psychological mechanism of the socio-rehabilitation of
patients suffering from stammering because this defect applies to the sphere of
personal contacts and self-presentation of the individual. The author presents
the method of socio-rehabilitation in order to call forth, prolong and secure
mental states so as to move the personality to a higher level of development.
The main groups of mental states are investigated; they exist as playback for
effectively applied method of influence on patient.
Organization of
motivational inclusion of stammerers and their
relatives in socio-rehabilitative process
N.
L. Karpova
The experience of
rehabilitative work with stammerers shows the necessity
of active inclusion not only of the stammerers
themselves but their friends and relatives into the process. The method of such
motivational-personal inclusion is offered as a means to cure logoneurosis as system disfunction
of communication.
The experience of
divergent behavior prevention by psychological correction program in
«difficult» form
O.L.
Romanova,
Modem preventive
programs are successfully employed not only for addictive behavior prevention
but also for broader tasks of psychological correction in child collectives.
The authors describe the experience of an Australian divergent behavior
prevention program applied in a
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The
problem of non-normative mental development
I.
A. Myasoed
Non-normative mental
development is analyzed as a special type of ontogenesis. Using an activity
approach, the author places non-normative mental development between mental
anomaly and the mental norm and argues that it is determined by biological,
social and psychological factors. Non-normative mental development manifests
itself on an organismic level as underdevelopment (or
hyper-development) of cognitive, affective and instrumental processes due to
the immaturity of brain structures (or early maturity); on the level of
individual — as non-normative personality traits due to incorrect, partial and
especially inconsistent up-bringing; and on the level of the personality — as
self-realization by actions of an egotist using other people as a means to an
end. Psychological correction of non-normative mental development can be
rendered as a social optimization of child's developmental situation.
Psychodiagnostics of teachers' professional maladaptation
("emotional burn out" syndrome)
T.
V. Fonnanyuk
The author
reviews foreign studies of the phenomenon of «emotional bum out». Teachers'
inclination to this syndrome is considered to be one of the important
indicators of professional unfitness. The ability to withstand maladaptation is a necessary component of pedagogical
ability. The author finds scientific continuity in these findings with the
research of Russian scientists A. S. Shafranova and
M. M. Rubinstein.
The
problem of vocational self-determination in pedagogical college professors
E.
Yu. Pryzhnikova
The specificity of vocational self-determination in working
professional men as compared to school graduates, students and unemployed is
analyzed. The author presents the results of a comparative study of vocational
self-determination in pedagogical college professors using traditional and
experimental means on teaching.
Cultural-historical
analysis and the possibility of using non-verbal communication in
rehabilitative personal education
E.
I. Feigenberg, A. G. Asmolov
The possibilities
of using non-verbal communication in rehabilitative personal education in cases
of aphasia are analyzed from L. S. Vygotsky's
cultural-historical perspective.
The
nature of variability in characteristics of sensory-motor reactions in
different conditions
S.
N. Ivanchenko, S. B. Malykh
The contributions
of genetic and environmental effects to reaction time (RT) variation in
different experimental conditions were examined. A battery of 6 different RT
tests measuring the speed of sensory-motor response was administered to 21
pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 21 pairs of same-sex dizygotic
(DZ) twins, aged 9—14. Auditory stimuli of 5
intensities were organized in sequences with constant inter-stimuli intervals.
Tasks differed with respect to the stimuli sequence (regular or random),
response (simple or choice RT) and response speed (fast response or unlimited
response time). Behavioral genetic technique (model fitting) was used to
estimate genetic and environmental effects in the observed RT measures. Four
basic models were tested for each of the experimental conditions. The results
of genetic analysis indicated that automated response in regular series was
determined by genotype while more complex actions (choice RT, RT in random
series) depended on environmental factors.
Sechenov's
innovation:
Historical
fact or «stalinist» fiction (An answer to American sovetologist D. Joravsky
M.
G. Yaroshevsky
D. Joravsky in his book «Russian Psychology» offers inadequate
estimation of I. M. Sechenov's ideas, denying him the
role of an innovator. Contrary to Joravsky's
statements, Sechenov's concept includes radical
transformation of the two categories — reflex and psyche — and does not argue
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the spreading of
reflex principle on brain activity or interpret psyche as a main part of
reflex. Sechenov shows that any mental act is of
reflex type — it necessary includes signal connection of an organism to its
environment and muscle reaction. Inner mental plan of behavior is transformed
into outer one (interiorization principle). D. Joravsky ignores Sechenov's role
as an author of the first in the history of psychology programme
of objective psychology, as well as his influence on I. P. Pavlov, V. M. Bekhterev and other initiators of modem behavioristic
science (the priority belongs to Russian scientists). D. Joravsky
is mistaken in his views on social roots of Sechenov's
ideas and their function in Russian culture.
Personal
factors of decision making diagnostics
T. V. Kornilova
The problem of
diagnosing «readiness to take risks» and «rationality» as personal factors influencing
decision making is discussed. The connection of these factors to intellectual
mediation of decision making is investigated. The method of «personal factors
of decision making» based on standard Q-sorting procedure is presented.
Experimental
study of implicit theories of reading
I. M. Kondakov, S. V. Oushnev
The process of
reading is a complex psychological phenomenon, where metacognitive
skills govern executive cognitive ones. The leading role played by a subjective
dynamic model of reading (recognized as implicit theory of reading) ensures
playback. By means of psycho-semantic analysis, the main points of implicit
theories of reading are experimentally studied. These features are connected to
objective parameters of reading; their correlation is complex.
S. Krippner
Spiritual healing
is not a common practice in industrialized nations, but it once permeated all
forms of medicine, psychotherapy and counseling. The word «spiritual» can be
used to describe those aspects of human behavior and experience that reflect an
alleged transcendent intelligence or process, a transcendent entity that
inspires devotion and directs behavior. Different approaches to spiritual
healing are described.
Contemporary foreign longitudinal studies of
giftedness
E.
I. Shcheblanova,
The review
presents recent foreign publications that demonstrate the advantages of
longitudinal studies of giftedness in their application to educational issues.
Reviewed works investigate early determinants of later academic and career achievements
and creativity and employ various identification procedures and theoretical
orientations.
Children
and school in an epoch of abundance
S. Murayama
The author
analyzes the inner world of Japanese children and marks out such negative
features as cruelty and indifference to other people. Though the reasons for these
undesirable traits in Japanese and in Russian children are different, the
tendency is common for children in both countries.