126
РЕЗЮМЕ
Psychological consequences of computerization: Functional, ontogenetic and historical aspects
L. P. Gurieva
Functional,
ontogenetic and historical psychological consequences of computerization in
complicated intellectual activity have some linear and nonlinear correlations,
the former being simpler case of the latter. They manifest themselves in clear
positive and negative effects, "partite" ones and indefinite ones, so
there are many variations of psychic development in different groups of those,
who use computer. The consequences of computerization may play more or less
important role in psychic development than professional and subjective
conditions.
Crying as a discriminant of
infant's psychic development
N. Ya. Kushnir
Baby's crying
plays important role in mother — infant interaction. Its functions change
according to baby's age and situation. The crying is informative and has
different senses. It shows baby's need in communication. It shows also infant's
ability to make a connection by way of expressive manifestations, which is
necessary for its physiological and psychic development. The crying represents
selective reaction to adult's speech and can be considered to be pre-speech
activity, possessing language character by the age of two months. Mother —
infant interaction is adequate when mother understands subjective meaning of
crying and its objective sense.
Initial elements of psychic
structures in early childhood
N. S. Pantina
Stereotype formed
in any period of child's development makes it possible to perform successfully once
mastered actions. But the same stereotype prevents mastering of new forms of
activity. Existing experience prevents working out of new means of activity, so
it is. necessary to bring up the child capable to overcome such difficulties
from early childhood. As soon as the child begins to organize his activity
himself, he acquires inner experience, including elemental plans based on inner
coordinating schemes.
Modeling as a condition of
imagination development in preschoolers
E. E. Sapogova
Possible mechanism
of imagination development is described through operations of imaginative
modeling. Such operations as "subsiding", "extra-addition",
"balancing" of the features of new whole image using existing
experience are discussed. Special methods "Magic changes" illustrated
by children's drawings was used for these operations' demonstration.
Pedagogics and psychology of
social deprivation (historical aspect)
E. A. Knyazev
Evolution of educative system in historic-psycho-logic aspect is considered. Social deprivation is exposed on the example of different types of education: military, church, private, etc. Devoid of personality education characteristic for totalitarism corresponds to the ideas of collectivism and deprivation.
Culturological aspects of
anti-narcotic Instruction
O. L. Romanova, I. V. Ivannikova
The results of theoretical and experimental analysis on culturological adaptation of foreign anti-narcotic programs to the realities of Russia are presented. The differences of the latter and traditional Russian preventive measures are shown. Cultural specificity of notions of psychic and the means of its manipulation, of children brought up in Swedish and in religious traditions, is demonstrated.
127
R.
N. Shcherbakov
Student's common
sense and its role in mastering of physics are investigated. One of possible
motives for acquiring of scientific education is comprehension of cultural importance
of exact knowledge for any person and significance of educative process for the
formation of personality.
Child's attitude to computer
and computer games
Comprehension and
positive attitude of a child to computer and computer games is an important
condition of his interaction with it. Methodical study "Draw it" was
used for the evaluation of complex mastering of a computer by a child. Usual
experience is not enough for successful computer games. Special training is
necessary for that.
Rumors as
socio-psychological phenomenon
B. V. Dubin, A. V. Tolstykh
Rumor is
considered to be a phenomenon of mass consciousness, primarily connected to
socio-psycho-logical mechanism of group differentiation ("they" and
"we"). Extraordinary events and heroes serve as the units of rumor.
Rumors are characterized by the impression of mystery and the sense of
belonging to those who know. The rumors tend to be morally didactic. They are
considered to be a pre-form of public opinion.
Psychological reasons for
linguaphonic technology of education crisis
L. V. Shenshev
Any educative
concept is developed taking into consideration the limitations made by
technological means of its implementation. It is especially noticeable in conversational
foreign language training, when beforehand made phonograms are used. The latter
cannot be adapted to individual traits of a student so the difficulties of
foreign language mastering increase. Principally new technology of linguaphone
education is offered.
L.
I. Beliakova, E. A. Diakova
Number, duration
and localization of pauses in reading of a text and monologue by people with normal
speech and stutters are analyzed. People with normal speech make pauses due to
syntax and hesitation. Stutters make less such pauses but much more connected
to spasms ones. These data show differences in intra-speech programming and
deficiency of control upon the sense of uttering in stutters.
Activity approach to the
problem of normal psychic development
V. N. Pavlenko
The article
represents an attempt to apply new activity approach to the problem of the
definition of "norm" and "pathology" in psychic
development. Normal psychic development is considered to be a process of
ontogenetic establishment of typically human forms of activity and overcoming
forms unspecific for humans. The criteria are offered for its evaluation on
theoretical level as well as on phenomenological one.
Russians as perceived by
themselves and others:
Psychosemantic study of
national character stereotypes
D. Peabody, A. G. Shmelev,
M. K. Andreyeva, A. E. Gramenitsky
The article
contains comparative results of experimental studies concerning evaluation of
national character by the representatives of different nations. 32 bipolar
7-point personality scales were used for the description of typical Englishman,
German, Italian, Frenchman, American and Russian. For Russian sample special
stimulus object was included: "I myself". The differences in
perception of "typical Russian" by Russians and by the
representatives of other nations are discussed.