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Education as an expansion of personality abilities

 

A. G. Asmolov, G. A. Yagodin

 

A new approach to education based on the psychology of personality is offered. The education is interpreted as an expansion of personality abilities. The limitations of adaptive-disciplinary educative models are shown. It is underlined that pedagogic reforms are the result of social ones.

 

Totalitarian consciousness and a child: Family upbringing

 

V. E. Kagan

 

The structure of totalitarian consciousness consisting of three levels (general psychological, personal and socio-cultural) is analyzed. The socio-cultural level formation is considered as a problem of identification and re-identification of personality. The main effects of totalitarian consciousness in family upbringing are described and analyzed. It is necessary to promote special research and practical programs to ensure personal development and to prevent totalitarism revival.

 

The origins and the development of personality in childhood

 

V. V. Davydov

 

The conditions of personality genesis and its early types of formation from the point of view of a new theoretical approach are shown. General conception of this theory is as follows: the person is a subject possessing certain creative potential; psychological mechanism of the latter is based on the imagination. Formation of the imagination (creativeness) is the inner foundation of personal development. Using experimental data, the author describes the principal stages of this process in childhood and adolescence.

 

Emotional reaction to failure correction in retarded children

 

N. L. Belopolskaya

 

The possibilities to form adequate emotional reactions to failure in retarded children were studied. The study of the nearest development zone (after L. S. Vygotsky) not only in intellectual but in emotional-volitional sense resulted in marking out the factors determining intellectual productivity of retarded children. One of deciding factors for adequate emotional reaction is "emotional anticipation" (after A. V. Zaporozhets') of task's carrying out.

 

Symbols' perception by schoolchildren and adults

 

V. G. Stepanov

 

The perceptive process uses two general ways of information processing: detailed investigation and guessing. Experimental data confirm this notion. Junior schoolchildren's students' and adults' ontogenetic characteristics are shown. Pedagogical-psychological problems are discussed and the necessity of new pedagogic technologies taking into account the peculiarities of information processing is stressed.

 

The skills of self-regulation in vocational self-determination

 

A. K. Osnitsky

 

The reasons and peculiarities of un-formed skills of self-regulation in specialized school students are discussed. They are just the base of many difficulties in vocational self-determination and training, as well as of poor progress, hyperactivity, inability to carry out a task. The target of education is to form the skills of self-regulation and subjective position in activity.

 

Concerning some diagnostic methods in mathematical thinking development

 

R. A. Atakhanov

 

Mathematical thinking develops from empirical level to theoretical one. The sequence is as follows: empirical (preanalytic), analytic, planning, reflective (theoretical) stages. Mathematical thinking (and its levels) as well as general one can be assessed by a number of methods. Their important feature is their adequacy to age. The development of general and mathematical thinking not always corresponds each other.

 

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The importance of scientific-historical elements in the course of physics

 

R. N. Shcherbakov

 

The loss of interest to physics and students' poor progress in the subject are connected to the weakening of physics' cultural position in the society. The revival of such an interest is possible as a result of the scientific-historical elements' usage in teaching of physics.

 

Socio-psychological prerequisites of special abilities in school psychologists

 

N. A. Aminov, M. V. Molokanov

 

The hypothesis of special abilities' role in the preference of practical or research work in psychology was tried on 120 applicants. It was found that individual differences in social intellect and facilitation had played the part of determinants: high level of intellect had resulted in the choice of research work and high level of social intellect and of facilitation — in practical one.

 

Morality, aggression, and equity

 

A shortened version of a chapter from a textbook (Krech D., Crufchfield R., Livson N. Elements of psychology. N. Y., 1974) is presented.

 

Psychology of destiny: Programming or creativity

 

M. V. Rozin

 

The phenomenon of "script" for person's destiny (after E. Bern) is considered. The hypothesis of special aesthetic need resulting in a creation of own life by a person is formulated. An individual not only interprets the facts of previous life accordingly but acts in the same style. Some well-known socio-cultural events can be explained by the hypothesis: the divorces just after marriage, absurdist features of youth sub-culture, etc.

 

Concerning psychology of art

 

G. S. Tarasov

 

Psychology of art is based on theoretical findings of general psychology and its methodology. It studies the characteristics of artistic activity — addressed to individual and to broad social unity as well. Its contribution to psychological knowledge can be considerable: psychology of art studies the most effective ways to influence the personality development.

 

Formation of collective dynamics

 

Yu. V. Sinyagin

 

The author discusses general features of activity-mediated interpersonal relations in a group theory (after A. V. Petrovsky). He offers a new approach to the study of dynamics of group's transformation into collective (the latter being the highest stage of group development). Some traditional socio-psychological notions are reapprised as well as some phenomena of a collective.

 

The principle of "stand opposition grating" in Interpersonal relations' diagnostics

 

N. I. Shevandrin

 

The conception of interpersonal relations' development diagnostics is worked out and the system of methodical means for this integral index evaluation by the definition of the unity of value orientations is offered. System-forming character of "stand opposition grating" principle is shown as well as the possibility of this principle's extenuation to different strata of intra-group activity. The typology of "opposition gratings" is presented and certain correspondence of differentiating principles, being the base of "gratings", is demonstrated. The latter play part of constructs along which group activity develops.

 

Culture and creativity as psychological ideas

 

N. N. Veresov

 

The necessity to revive culture's (considered as special dialogical space, where personality and culture intercourse in sense language) and creativity's status as psychological ideas, being the foundation of modern psychology development is stressed.

 

Concerning a problem of image and self-consciousness correlation

 

A. G. Novohatko

 

One of the most important for theoretical psychology and philosophy problems — the correlation of image and self-consciousness — is analyzed. The

 

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idea of schematism lies in the foundation of figurative assimilation of reality. Self-consciousness is considered in the context of activity ontology as discrepant synthesis of thinking and volition, possessing of objective-ideal nature.

 

The creative search: Energetic-motivational aspect

 

I. M. Kogan

 

The problem of creative search motivation is discussed. The structure and dynamics of problem situation formation are investigated. The author considers it important to separate the stage of problem adoption from the decision proper. Such separation permits to differentiate corresponding motives. Mathematic-symbolic models of .motivational states mirroring dynamics and interaction of search motives are presented. Structural-functional model of the problem situation is substantiated. Factors influencing the energetics of intellectual activity motives and motivational causes for search cessation are analyzed. The conclusion is made that it is expedient to view the problem situation as personal psychic state involving the person into creative search. This notion is preferable to traditional definition of the problem situation only as the result of cognitive difficulties. Some practical advices are presented.

 

The mistakes of verbal memory

 

V. A. Maraev

 

The study was aimed at the assessment of mistakes made by 234 students — linguists and mathematicians — of the first and the fifth year when freely reproducing a list of 30 words; it was possible to group the latter. All the mistakes were classified, and an attempt to show the reasons for the mistakes in sense, structural and recurring mistakes made. There was a tendency to make or not to make mistakes, connected to memory capacity.

 

Psychological possibilities of computerized level of claims analysis

 

0. N. Arestova, L. N. Babanin, 0. K. Tihomirov

 

New possibilities of level of claims analysis when using computer in examination, data processing and interpretation are shown. Modified method enables the researcher to diagnose some characteristics of motivational control of activity and individual traits of personality: emotional reaction to success / failure, volitional control of activity, the degree of behavior rigidity in constant set-back situation, the strength and importance of activity motive, the type of intellectual productivity.

 

An experience in musical giftedness testing at entrance examinations

 

D. K. Kirnarskaya

 

A set of creative musical tasks can be used as a test for natural musical giftedness at entrance examinations. Its value is due to the possibility to make the exams less traumatic for the applicants and to correct accidental results. The test is handy because of its written form and the simultaneity of testing all the applicants, so that the examinations take less time.