189
Резюме на английском языке
Education
as an expansion of personality abilities
A.
G. Asmolov, G. A. Yagodin
A new approach to education based on the psychology of personality is offered.
The education is interpreted as an expansion of personality abilities. The
limitations of adaptive-disciplinary educative models are shown. It is
underlined that pedagogic reforms are the result of social ones.
Totalitarian
consciousness and a child: Family upbringing
V.
E. Kagan
The structure of totalitarian consciousness consisting of three levels
(general psychological, personal and socio-cultural) is analyzed. The
socio-cultural level formation is considered as a problem of identification and
re-identification of personality. The main effects of totalitarian
consciousness in family upbringing are described and analyzed. It is necessary
to promote special research and practical programs to ensure personal development
and to prevent totalitarism revival.
The
origins and the development of personality in childhood
V.
V. Davydov
The conditions of personality genesis and its early types of formation
from the point of view of a new theoretical approach are shown. General
conception of this theory is as follows: the person is a subject possessing
certain creative potential; psychological mechanism of the latter is based on
the imagination. Formation of the imagination (creativeness) is the inner
foundation of personal development. Using experimental data, the author
describes the principal stages of this process in childhood and adolescence.
Emotional
reaction to failure correction in retarded children
N. L. Belopolskaya
The possibilities to form adequate emotional reactions to failure in retarded
children were studied. The study of the nearest development zone (after L. S.
Vygotsky) not only in intellectual but in emotional-volitional sense resulted
in marking out the factors determining intellectual productivity of retarded
children. One of deciding factors for adequate emotional reaction is "emotional
anticipation" (after A. V. Zaporozhets') of task's carrying out.
Symbols'
perception by schoolchildren and adults
V.
G. Stepanov
The perceptive process uses two general ways of information processing:
detailed investigation and guessing. Experimental data confirm this notion.
Junior schoolchildren's students' and adults' ontogenetic characteristics are
shown. Pedagogical-psychological problems are discussed and the necessity of
new pedagogic technologies taking into account the peculiarities of information
processing is stressed.
The
skills of self-regulation in vocational self-determination
A. K. Osnitsky
The reasons and peculiarities of un-formed skills of self-regulation in
specialized school students are discussed. They are just the base of many
difficulties in vocational self-determination and training, as well as of poor
progress, hyperactivity, inability to carry out a task. The target of education
is to form the skills of self-regulation and subjective position in activity.
Concerning
some diagnostic methods in mathematical thinking development
R. A. Atakhanov
Mathematical thinking develops from empirical level to theoretical one. The sequence is as follows: empirical (preanalytic), analytic, planning, reflective (theoretical) stages. Mathematical thinking (and its levels) as well as general one can be assessed by a number of methods. Their important feature is their adequacy to age. The development of general and mathematical thinking not always corresponds each other.
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The
importance of scientific-historical elements in the course of physics
R. N. Shcherbakov
The loss of interest to physics and students' poor progress in the
subject are connected to the weakening of physics' cultural position in the
society. The revival of such an interest is possible as a result of the
scientific-historical elements' usage in teaching of physics.
Socio-psychological prerequisites
of special abilities in school psychologists
N. A. Aminov, M. V.
Molokanov
The hypothesis of special abilities' role in the preference of practical
or research work in psychology was tried on 120 applicants. It was found that
individual differences in social intellect and facilitation had played the part
of determinants: high level of intellect had resulted in the choice of research
work and high level of social intellect and of facilitation — in practical one.
Morality, aggression, and equity
A shortened version of a chapter from a textbook (Krech D., Crufchfield R., Livson N. Elements of psychology. N. Y.,
1974) is presented.
Psychology of destiny:
Programming or creativity
M.
V. Rozin
The phenomenon of "script" for person's destiny (after E.
Bern) is considered. The hypothesis of special aesthetic need resulting in a
creation of own life by a person is formulated. An individual not only
interprets the facts of previous life accordingly but acts in the same style.
Some well-known socio-cultural events can be explained by the hypothesis: the
divorces just after marriage, absurdist features of youth sub-culture, etc.
Concerning
psychology of art
G.
S. Tarasov
Psychology of art is based on theoretical findings of general psychology
and its methodology. It studies the characteristics of artistic activity —
addressed to individual and to broad social unity as well. Its contribution to
psychological knowledge can be considerable: psychology of art studies the most
effective ways to influence the personality development.
Formation
of collective dynamics
Yu.
V. Sinyagin
The author discusses general features of activity-mediated interpersonal
relations in a group theory (after A. V. Petrovsky). He offers a new approach to
the study of dynamics of group's transformation into collective (the latter
being the highest stage of group development). Some traditional
socio-psychological notions are reapprised as well as some phenomena of a
collective.
The
principle of "stand opposition grating" in Interpersonal relations'
diagnostics
N.
I. Shevandrin
The conception of interpersonal relations' development diagnostics is
worked out and the system of methodical means for this integral index
evaluation by the definition of the unity of value orientations is offered.
System-forming character of "stand opposition grating" principle is
shown as well as the possibility of this principle's extenuation to different
strata of intra-group activity. The typology of "opposition gratings"
is presented and certain correspondence of differentiating principles, being
the base of "gratings", is demonstrated. The latter play part of
constructs along which group activity develops.
Culture
and creativity as psychological ideas
N.
N. Veresov
The necessity to revive culture's (considered as special dialogical
space, where personality and culture intercourse in sense language) and creativity's
status as psychological ideas, being the foundation of modern psychology
development is stressed.
Concerning
a problem of image and self-consciousness correlation
A.
G. Novohatko
One of the most important for theoretical psychology and philosophy
problems — the correlation of image and self-consciousness — is analyzed. The
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idea
of schematism lies in the foundation of figurative assimilation of reality.
Self-consciousness is considered in the context of activity ontology as
discrepant synthesis of thinking and volition, possessing of objective-ideal
nature.
The creative
search: Energetic-motivational aspect
I.
M. Kogan
The problem of creative search motivation is discussed. The structure
and dynamics of problem situation formation are investigated. The author
considers it important to separate the stage of problem adoption from the
decision proper. Such separation permits to differentiate corresponding
motives. Mathematic-symbolic models of .motivational states mirroring dynamics
and interaction of search motives are presented. Structural-functional model of
the problem situation is substantiated. Factors influencing the energetics of
intellectual activity motives and motivational causes for search cessation are
analyzed. The conclusion is made that it is expedient to view the problem
situation as personal psychic state involving the person into creative search.
This notion is preferable to traditional definition of the problem situation
only as the result of cognitive difficulties. Some practical advices are
presented.
The
mistakes of verbal memory
V.
A. Maraev
The study was aimed at the assessment of mistakes made by 234 students —
linguists and mathematicians — of the first and the fifth year when freely
reproducing a list of 30 words; it was possible to group the latter. All the
mistakes were classified, and an attempt to show the reasons for the mistakes
in sense, structural and recurring mistakes made. There was a tendency to make
or not to make mistakes, connected to memory capacity.
Psychological possibilities
of computerized level of claims analysis
0.
N. Arestova, L. N. Babanin, 0. K. Tihomirov
New possibilities of level of claims analysis when using computer in
examination, data processing and interpretation are shown. Modified method
enables the researcher to diagnose some characteristics of motivational control
of activity and individual traits of personality: emotional reaction to success
/ failure, volitional control of activity, the degree of behavior rigidity in
constant set-back situation, the strength and importance of activity motive, the
type of intellectual productivity.
An
experience in musical giftedness testing at entrance examinations
D.
K. Kirnarskaya
A set of creative musical tasks can be used as a test for natural
musical giftedness at entrance examinations. Its value is due to the
possibility to make the exams less traumatic for the applicants and to correct
accidental results. The test is handy because of its written form and the
simultaneity of testing all the applicants, so that the examinations take less
time.