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On reflective psychology in
pedagogic creation
S. Yu. Stepanov, G. F.
Pohmelkina, T. Yu. Koloshina, T. V. Frolova
The present state of
education shows that there are two co-existing and antagonistic systems of professional
pedagogic thinking and activity—authoritative—reproductive and reflective-creative.
The first of them has deep historical and social-culture roots. It is based on
the comprehension of a child as an object of authoritative guidance in order to
form knowledge, skills and habits in behaviour and intellect. The
reflective-creative position is characterized by the comprehension .of a child
as a partner in joint creative process. This approach is still on the early
stage and uses the ideas of reflective psychology. The latter considers
pedagogic creation phenomenon as a resource for self-development of educational
system and the means of overcoming its crisis. Reflective psychology can be
used for the development of pedagogic creativeness and skills of a single
teacher as well as of pedagogic collective with psychologists' assistance.
On the image-bearing
thinking formation in preschoolers
V. B. Sinelnikov
An approach to the study of
the formation of image-bearing thinking in preschoolers (5—6-years-old) is
presented. It has been shown that effective construction of adequate forming
techniques was due to: 1) usage of hierarchically structured material mediators
(tools), 2) the assimilation by the children of the relations of the
"whole-part" type during preliminary manipulations with real objects:
joining and separation of other given objects. Some original experimental
research methods are elaborated.
The correlation of
preschoolers' position in a group and their personal behaviour
T. V. Senko
It is hypothesed that there
is a causal correlation between the character of interrelations and
communication form, i. e. that sociometric status is a function of personal
behaviour. The results of experimental study show that preschoolers with a
favorable position in peer group are characterized by positive attitude to
their group-mates and by a tendency to dominate; preschoolers with unfavorable
position are characterized by a tendency to submit. Both tendencies (domination
and submission) can have positive and negative forms. The data obtained can be
used in order to guarantee the child's all-round development.
Individual approach and
schematic typification of students
L. M. Mitina
The results of experimental study
show that high level of teacher's self-consciousness is characterized by
individual (creative) approach to every student, conditioned by teacher's
aspiration for deep understanding of a. student. Low level of
self-consciousness is characterized by schematic typification when the teacher
takes into account first of all student's behaviour and distinguishing streaks,
ignoring their psychological reasons. An experimental program is offered aiming
at teacher's self-consciousness' transition to higher level and accordingly the
transition from schematic typification to individual approach to every student.
Literary abilities of
special mathematic form students
V. V. Suvorova
The data of experimental
study on adolescents— students of special mathematic form, selected as winners
of mathematic olympiad, are presented. It is found that a half of
mathematically gifted students has literary abilities as well. This combination
is due to the high level of image component of intellectual development and not
to general intellectual development.
Psychological peculiarities
of comprehension of creative tasks
A. B. Kovalenko
Senior schoolchildren's
comprehension of creative technical tasks peculiarities are studied, especially
the influence of objective (task's parameters, its form, the quantity of information,
its complication) and subjective (the
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level of knowledge, activity
motives) factors on the success of task comprehension. There are four types of
task comprehension in accordance to the knowledge level. The comprehension is
considered as a process combining objective and subjective factors.
On the psychology of spelling mistakes in words—predicates
V. Ya. Bulohov
Pupils of the 3—10th forms
make much more mistakes in words—predicates than in any other words. The
greater orthographical vulnerability of words—predicates can be explained by
two psychological reasons: 1) the "stronger" component of the
sentence (inner speech which is word—predicate) in writing turns out to be more
"weak" and as a result is satiated with spelling mistakes, 2)
predicates are more often situated in the postposition (more difficult for the
operative memory part of the simple sentence) which also weakens the
orthographical "immunity" of words—predicates.
Preschoolers' sets
concerning smoking
V. V. GuIdan, O. L. Romanova, I. V. Ivannikova
The results of experimental
study of preschoolers' (6-years-olds) sets concerning smoking are presented.
The analysis of cognitive, emotional and behavioural components of the set shows
informative preparedness for trying and contradictory emotional-evaluative
attitude to smoking, and some activity in personal smoking experience
acquisition. The data show that even senior preschoolers have access to smoking
tradition of the society. Practically the existence of formed set means that
preventive measures must be aimed at set's reconstruction and not at its
staving off.
Interpersonal and intragroup
anxiety in important joint activity
Yu. L. Hanin
Conceptual and methodical
problems in diagnostics of situative and socio-psychological factors' influence
on the level of state anxiety in the framework of important activity (sport,
stage, management, business) are discussed. New categories for stress and
anxiety research are offered: interpersonal and intragroup anxiety,
activity-based (work-based) anxiety, individual zones of optimal functioning.
The experience of un-traditional employment of C. D. Spielberger's state-trait
anxiety scale is described. Experimental data on interpersonal and intragroup
anxiety and factors calling it forth are presented.
On a system of psychological
guarantees of alcoholism treatment
L. A. Suhinskaya, E. Tatarevsky
A unified individualized
program of psychological influence based upon the results of psycho-diagnostics
has been worked out. The conclusion of psychologists (based on "assessment
technique") concerning the criteria of
"change technique", i. e. the whole complex of psychological
influence, including psychotherapy carried out by physicians and medical
psychologists, psychological correction and counseling aimed at he development
of necessary empirical guarantees of defense against alcohol for people
resisting voluntary treatment, is drawn. Three major forms of psychological aid
are marked out: psychotherapy, psychological correction and psychological
counseling. The aims and problems of each form of psychological assistance have
been formulated.
Recognition of
schoolchildren's emotions by teachers
A. Ya. Chebykin
Experimental data serve as a
basis for evaluation of teachers' ability to recognize the schoolchildren's
emotions. Some objective and subjective indications of emotions are considered.
The groups of similar in their manifestation emotions are marked out and
leading emotion in each of them singled out. The necessity of operative
emotions' recognition perfection for teachers is underlined.
The study of pupils'
collective and personality by pedagogical students
A. E. Shteinmets
The pupils' collective and
personality characteristics' analysis was performed by pedagogical students.
The analysis included the employment of theoretical knowledge, finding of
problems, hypotheses functioning, the role of emotions in thinking, the
researcher's position, the concreteness of thinking. The author proposes to
change psychological training of pedagogical students by the usage of research
procedure as a basis for professionally important psychological conception. The
connection of this activity to students' creative thinking is discussed.
The wives of alcoholics
V. D. Moskalenko
Characteristic psychological
features of alcoholics' wives known as co-dependency are described.
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Co-dependency due to stress
(life with an alcoholic) has its own emotional behavioural disfunctions,
peculiarities of thinking and is accompanied by psychosomatic disfunctions. The
manifestations of alcoholism and of co-dependency are similar. Co-dependent
wives of alcoholics are suffering themselves, make their children suffer and
aggravate family situation. They need psychotherapeutic treatment.
The subjectness as the basis
for interpersonal contacts
V. I. Stepansky
Interpersonal contacts
phenomenon is considered in the context of subjectness notion — reflective
realization of oneself as somatic "I", social "I" and
psychic "I". It is assumed that the very existence of psychic
"I" demands the presentation of oneself to another person. It is put
into effect by confidential personal contacts. Psychological basis of such an
intercourse is formed by emotional contacts and by affective experience
presenting partners' mutual participation in psychic "I" of one
another. When such a process is successful joint psychic "I" is
formed as a result and as a basis for specifically human interpersonal
contacts.
Sacrament of marriage and
family: introduction to cosmology of homebuilding
B. V. Nichiporov
The position of Russian
Orthodox Church priest-psychologist concerning the problems of family and
marriage is presented. The continuation of the article see in the next issue.
The notions of
infectiousness, convinsingness and charm in Stanislavsky system
V. I. Kochnev
Infectiousness,
convinsingness and charm form the united block of characteristics in actor's
abilities' structure, determining the exactness of scenic transformation. The
ability to infect is conditioned by the effectiveness of regulative mechanisms,
ensuring the exactness of actor's corresponding to scenic image emotional
reactions to psychological sense of a performance and to its aesthetic originality.
The ability to be convincing is conditioned by the compliance of actor's
imagination during role's construction to certain restrictions ensuring role's
logical validity. Actor's charm plays part of a restriction too—it limits
actor's subjectivity by audience's certain social expectations, securing the
correspondence of scenic image to objective social values.
Different social groups'
attitude to computer testing
Î. Ê. Tihomirov, L. N. Sobchik, L. P. Gurieva, I. E.
Garber
The analysis of different
social groups' attitude towards computer testing based on interviews, process
data and results of psycho-diagnostics are presented. The managers, psychotherapists
and tested population have contradictory opinions on computer testing,
connected to the productivity of their work, the possibility of situative
relief, the personality development.
Diagnostic peculiarities in
patients' with speech disfunction rehabilitation
Yu. B. Nekrasova
New psychodiagnostics
emergence: symptoms and trends
A. B. Orlov
Authorship phenomenon in
scientific psychology
L. I. Vorobjeva
After 25 years of treating stammerers (adults and adolescents)
a system of multi-factorial logo-psychotherapy was construed. It presupposes
the patient's maximal activization and co-creativity with a psychotherapist. An
important part in the system is played by diagnostic block showing unique
individuality of every patient. It is characterized by orientation not only to
"illness picture" but to "uniqueness picture". It uses
besides standardized tests bibliotherapy (patients' written analysis of about
30 works of art characterized by increasing topical, philosophical and
psychological complicatedness) and humanistic-structured dance therapy (after
G. Ammon) aimed at exposition of bodily disharmony
("Phenomenon-Kinezi" and "Phenomenon-Mirrors"). Presented
diagnostic block differs from traditional ones by the combination of diagnostic
and therapeutic functions.
The article is accompanied
by other authors' response to it.
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Inner speech: reality or researchers' imagination figment
N. T. Erchak
The understanding of inner
speech nature formed in psychology is contradictory. This conclusion is due to
the observations on comprehension and speech processes as well as to some studies'
results. In order to overcome these contradictions the most widely spread views
on the problem are analyzed. It is hypothesized that the term "inner
speech" is to be understood as sign component of consciousness resulting
from interiorization of outer speech. It represents central speech core forming
inseparable unity with image-bearing and emotional components.
Developmental psychology problems (reading O. Mandelshtam's poetry)
V. P. Zinchenko
The article is dedicated to famous
Russian poet 0. Mandelshtam. There is an attempt to reconstruct and systemize
his psychological notions and his views on human development. Such a
reconstruction can enrich L. S. Vygotsky's and J. Piaget's theories of developmental psychology. The analogy
between activity field of poetry and activity field of psychological reality is
offered.
The adaptation of Gifted Children Munich Tests of Cognitive Abilities
for Moscow sample
I. S. Averina, E. I. Shcheblanova, Ch. Perleth
The use of standardized
tests is not enough for the diagnostics of giftedness because of reduced
variance in the upper part of the scale. Multi-level tests—Kognitive
Faehigkeitstests (KFT— German tests for cognitive abilities), which proved to
be satisfactory for high giftedness diagnostics, are adapted for Moscow sample.
The adaptation of KFT is carried out on a sample of 600 gifted 1-st, 3-rd,
5-th, 7-th-, 9-th- and 11-th-graders of Moscow schools (100 from each cohort).
The article contains a short description of the subtests of KFT and the
experimental data collected during the application of Russian version of KFT as
compared to German data. The adaptation of KFT for the Russian sample is
evaluated as statistically relevant.
Self-regulation of psychic states in education
A. O. Prohorov
The self-regulation of
negative psychic states by students and teachers is studied. The students
usually employ for this end the communication, self-orders, switching (cutting
off), motor (muscular) lessening of tension. The teachers possess three-level
system of self-regulation. Basic level presents long-term motivation condition.
Intermediate one is characterized by current self-regulation actualizing
positive psychic states during a day. The next level represents operative
self-regulation. The types of situations when self-regulation is needed are
marked out as well as teacher's dynamic psychic states during a lesson.
The method of personal communicative sets study
A. N. Ivashov, E. V. Zaika
The method described is
aimed at the study of positions in contacts—one's own as well as partners' in
intercourse. The level of interrelations with different types of partners can
be assessed too. Experimental data, results and the procedures of the method's
application are presented.
Mental care in Mexico
Yu. F. Polyakov, F. Crus Perez
The modern state and
perspectives of mental care service in Mexico are characterized. The role of
psychologists and their functions in this service are shown.