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РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Concerning renovated
Psychological department of Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR
E. A. Klimov
One
of well-known Soviet psychologists discusses the role and objectives of
renovated Psychological department of APS of the USSR.
An experience in
foundation of humanistic psychology
R. S. Bratus'
Some foundations of a new direction
in Soviet psychology are shown resulting from such concepts as spiritual
wealth, meaning of life, faith and so on. Detailed analysis of this direction's
perspectives and its interaction with other approaches such as humanistic and
theological ones is offered. New notions of horizontal and vertical planes of
consciousness' development, specificity of "personal space",
"utmost goals" criteria for bringing up and correction of personality
are presented.
Psychological aspects
of child's bringing up in children's homes and orphanages
L. N. Galiguzova, S.
Yu. Meshcheryakova, L. M. Tsaregorodtseva
The results of longitude comparative
psychological study of children brought up in families and in
boarding-house-type institutions, showing considerable deviations in psychic
development for the latter, are presented. These deviations are found in all
the main spheres of psychic development — cognitive, emotional, volitional,
personal, communicative. The study shows that deviations accumulate and are not
compensated for in the process of reaching maturity. The reason for this lies
in inadequate for each age form of child's communication with an adult,
barrack-like organization of child's life (excluding individual approach to
every child as an unique personality). Psychological recommendations for
reorganization of child's bringing up in children's homes and orphanages are
given.
Activity norms and creative activity of personality
G. A. Ball
The importance for psychology of the
notion of norm as socially defined base on which individual and group activity
is built (or should be built) is analysed. The most important parameters and
activity norms' varieties are characterized. The dependence of really
influencing subject's behavior and psychics norms on subjects's individual
virtues is outlined. Interrelations of normative and creative components in
subject's activity and personality's functioning are shown. This interrelation
can be used in education. The article is accompanied by A. B. Orlov's review
and the author's answer to it.
On child's
self-dependence
G. A. Tsukerman, N. V.
Velizarova
Two sides and two genetic roots of
child's self-dependence are marked our: 1) child's ability to do without
adult's assistance, connected to mastering of object content, means and ways of
action carrying-out, 2) child's ability to be a subject of joint action,
connected to child's initiate c emergence in interaction with instructing adult.
The method showing dual character of child's action orientation in
indeterminate sutuation (and every learning situation is such one) is
presented. It is shown experimentally that the children are oriented by task
conditions as well as by interaction form (directly or indirectly proposed by
an adult). About one half of first-graders (6-7 years eld) demonstrate the
ability and inclination to initiative cooperation with an adult. But this
ability is suppressed by whole educational system in Soviet school. As a result
school is not able to produce learning activity subjects — persons with
educational self-dependence. Forming of educational system cultivating
schoolchildren's learning initiative is a main reserve of school.
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Coordination of the whole and the parts as one of the possible imagination's mechanisms
Ye. Ye. Sapogova
Theoretical and experimental study
of probable mechanisms of child's imagination is presented. The hypothesis is:
child's imagination may be described as an entity of the following mechanisms —
reproduction (discretion) of the whole image by its part which is followed by
disintegration of this whole into its elements, on the basis (if one of which a
new entity is created if necessary. An original technique "Puzzle
blocks" was used to prove these assumptions. In the course of experiments
4 strategies were observed correlating as it seems with the levels of child's
imagination's development. All the strategies have common features due to
common mechanism of imagination operations.
K. G. Baker
Modern state of mental health
protection organization in the USA and brief review of family development
theory and family therapy for the last 30 years are described. Some
psychological schools' activity, for instance, research in family systems'
theory is outlined.
V. V. Guldan, O. L.
Romanova, I. V. Ivannykova
One of the well-known american
antinarcotics programmes "Your health — 2000" can be used in Soviet
school. The programme contains three parts: informational, forming
self-consciousness and socially desirable behavior in a group, and
social-psychological training of conduct in situations provocing narcotics
usage. Some results of a section of the programme (for junior schoolchil-dren)
approbation are presented.
Teacher's and
schoolchildren's psychic states interaction during the lesson
A. O. Prohorov
Mechanisms and specificity of
interrelations of teacher's and schoolchildren's psychic states are shown.
Teacher's psychic state plays the main part in schoolchildren's psychic states'
actualization during the lesson. When positive activity and psychophysiological
teacher's states prevail, a complex of positive schoolchildren's states is actualized
and negative states decrease, and vice versa.
Professional's self-determination in problem situation
L. M. Karnozova
Professional's self-determination is intentionally originated and organized during organizational-activity game (OAG) imitating problem situations in different spheres of activity. Methodological principles of psychotechnic study using OAG based on L. S. Vygotsky's cultural-historical theory are discussed and its results are presented. Professional's self-determination is described as a phase sequence: each phase is characterized by specific processes occuring on self-determining pole as well as organizational means predetermining these processes proceeding.
System model of school management
Yu. V. Vasil'yev
Some theoretical notions and
empirical data on school management improvement are presented.
Intellectual plays complex for students' thinking development
E. V. Zaika
15 intellectual plays and the rules
for their use in order to develop schoolchildren's and students' thinking are described.
Play tasks ensure the development of elementary thinking operations and
formation of easy-going and orderly thinking processes. The offered complex is
especially useful for unsuccessful students.
Psychological influence as a way to improve population's health
R. P. Lovelle
The author tries to define general
conception of psychological influence, its resources and levels of social
health determination (society, group and individual). The possibility of
working out general psychological influences aiming at effectiveness of public
health services increase is analysed.
Concerning main psychological notions of K. S. Stanislavsky's system
V. I. Kochnev
The results of analysis concerning
psychological content of one of the main notions of K. S. Stanislavsky's system
— the notion of "stage self-sensation" — are presented. Physiological
side of "stage self-sensation" shows itself in limited level of
activation then emotional load increases. Psychologically "stage
self-sensation" means optimum
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characterological anxiety level due to
personal factors concerning negative emotional experiences as well as emotion
control factors. There are three groups of different characteristics connected
to the possibility of actor's creative self-sensation's organization in specific
circumstances of stage activity.
Concerning
periodization of psychological historeography
O. M. Tutundjian
The author offers four periods of
psychological historiography: prewar and war period (ending in 1946);
1960—1971; 1971—1980. The author uses as the criteria 1) productivity of
historiographical studies notion, 2) the working out of psychological
historiography as a theory, 3) the novelty in psychological historiography
notions.
Concerning V. A.
Suhomlinsky's psychological views
M. I. Muhin
V. A. Suhomlinsky, outstanding
Soviet pedagogue, died 20 years ago. This article presents not pedagogical
views and experience of V. A. Suhomlinsky, but his contribution to
psychological research: he considered psychological peculiarities of childern's
different age groups, emotional richness of psychological characteristics,
different psychological types and their representatives. One of his main
interests was the study of contradictions of the process of child's moral
self-perfection. V. A. Suhomlinsky's considerable contribution to senior
schoolchildren's psychology was his thesis concerning psychological culture as
an important part of education.
The structure of
dynamic determinants of student's intellectual activity
G. A. Aminev, A. R.
Kudashev
24 students using dialogue with
computer were solving non-verbal tasks of "5" game. The speed of
solving stages, speed and standartization of verbal associations' emergence
were studied. General intellectual activity speed, standard character of
associative answers and variability of strategies were outlined by means of
factor analysis. Genera] speed factor includes speed parameters of intellectual
activity when dealing with verbal and nonverbal data. Speed aspect of
intellectual activity is determined by the rapidity of cognitive structuring of
solving algorithms. The results of the study are analized in accordance with R.
W. Cattel's and R. J. Stenberg's component theories of intellect.
Apparatus method of
time perception and "time sense" formation parameters' study
S. N. Sergeev
The device allowing to determine
time parameters (duration, tempo, rithm) by supply of single or repeating light
or sound sygnal series (differing by frequency) and to register examinee's
perception is described. It can be used for rational rithm of movements
formation, the making of exercise rithmical model and information about
differences in necessary and really achieved time parameters for movement
correction.