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Un-traversed path: from
culture of usefullness to culture of dignity
A. G. Asmolov
The author analyses two
types of culture: the one of usefulness and the one of dignity, employing historical-evolutional
approach to the study of culture and personality. The specificity of
"Stalin believers" phenomenon in culture of usefulness is shown. The
connection of educational crisis with "Stalin believers" phenomenon
is considered.
Public atmosphere and
individual way of a scientist: applied psychology in the twenties
A. M. Etkind
The turning-points of Soviet
psychology development — the transition from psychology to pedology in the
twenties and pedology's and psychotechnics' crushing in the thirties — are
considered. The author cites not only psychologists but political figures'
(such as N. I. Buharin, A. V. Lunacharskiy, N. K. Krupskaya) statements
concerning psychological matters, as well as social and political editions of
the time. Tragic examples of wellknown Soviet pedolog A. B. Zaikind and
psychotechnics' leader I. M. Shpilrein illustrate real social environment's
role in the formation of scientific interests and personality of a scientist.
A study of aesthetic
attitude towards reality
A. A. Melik-Pashaev
Experimental study of
aesthetic attitude's to reality manifestations is described. The latter is
considered by the author as psychological basis of artistic-creative
giftedness. It is shown that artistically gifted persons are groupping the
objects not by their objective class but by the common character of
"emotional tone" due to objects' concrete perceptible properties.
Prerequisites and elementary forms of this specifically artistical type of
perception are 'characteristic for many schoolchildren. It is shown also that
artistically gifted persons in objects' groupping set themselves the tasks not
only exceeding the instructions but in essence unrealizable with given concrete
objects and so demanding their aesthetic transformation in the work of art.
N.
I. Chuprikova
The synthesis of many
intellectual development theories and conceptual generalization of a lot of
experimental data describing ontogenetic development of all the psychic
functions is offered. The synthesis is based on one of general principles of
big systems development — the principle of system differentiation.
Psychological-pedagogical aspects of this approach are considered. The capacity
of human brain to separate reflection of multi-dimension objects and situations,
to differentiated functional separation of similar arousals is one of natural
prerequisites of intellect.
Actual problems of
conviction forming psychology
V. E. Chudnovskly
The consideration of inner,
"intime" part of conviction forming process is offered. The latter
are shown to be special personal formations possessing of own psychological
structure. The problem of psychological foundation for them as well as the
problem of cognitive and necessity-personality components interrelation is
considered. It is shown that support on child's own potential and on inner
logics of child's development is the necessary condition for conviction forming
process effectiveness' increase. The thesis of morality's leading role in
convictions of different kinds forming is substantiated. The task of working
out of general strategy for conviction forming as a system of moral education
for all stages of human development is considered.
Nuclear energetics in
child's consciousness (an attempt of sociogenetic analysis)
V. V. Abramenkova
5—13 years old children were
questionned regarding atomic electrical stations. Author's analysis of
children's drawings and associative statements shows socio-cultural archetypes
reminding those existing in different cultures concerning Apocalipsis.
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Effects of
individual-specific influence of one personality upon the other
I. 0. Dubov
The peculiarities of
individual-specific influence of teacher's personality upon the schoolchildren
are shown. As a result of teacher's beforehand translation to the
schoolchildren of un-mastered yet by them types of activity in situation of
his/her image actualization in their onsciousness facilitating aspect
transpires. It is interpreted as a manifestation of the beginning of persona]
changes in teacher's influence objects. The experiment shows that situation
influence's subject serves simultaneously as a source of changes' tendencies
accumulated in pupil's personality structure and transformated on actual plane
in experiment.
Combinatorial
experimentation on multi-loop object — "black box" — by preschoolers
A. N. Poddyakov
Children's capacities of
using various combined actions on a multi-loop object — "black box" —
and capacities of factor's interaction in this object comprehension have been
investigated. It has been found that features of children's experimentation on
the object are determined by three interrelated factors: a) variety of testing
actions of the child on explored object, b) information obtained by these
actions, c) level of comprehension of the obtained information. It has been
established that 5 years old children actively utilaze some methods of
combinatorics in input actions. On this basis the subjects understand
relationships characterized by interaction of several factors in these
multi-loop objects.
Individual-psychological
characteristics' interrelations in vocational abilities structure
L. A. Yasyukova
The modern view on
psychological essence of giftedness is presented and new approach to it is
offered (using managerial and engineering abilities as an example). It is shown
that exposure not only of vocationally important qualities but of their
correlation (e. i. the exposure of the whole system of them) is necessary in
vocational abilities diagnostics. Certain personality trait's influence on
vocational success is connected not to its intensity but to its place in
abilities' structure and to the character and the quantity of interrelations with
other traits. Comparative correlation analysis of contrasting by effectiveness
criterion samples is used as a research method.
The means of
schoolchildren's learning activity activization
T. A. Ratanova
It is shown that
intellectual activization is necessary condition for rapid and effective
accumulation of knowledge. Some ways of such activization are offered in order
to promote mastering of learning matter and memorizing it. These methods are
recommended for school education.
Difficulties
and happiness of reciprocity
V.
A. Levin
In order to develop
schoolchildren's readyness and capacity to self-education necessary in the
conditions of rapid changes in science and technics the teacher has to have
these qualities himself. The author's experience shows that to be permanently the beginner is to live
really creative full-blooded life if a teacher consciously constructs
interrelations with the pupils on the basis of educational reciprocity.
The drama of seriously ill
patient
A. A. Schutzenberger
The connection between
mental and physical problems and influence of the mind over the body are shown.
The author finds psychosomatic and somatopsychic components in cancer as in any
illness. Using the experience of a well known American surgeon Bernie Siegel
and the theory of Carl and Stephanie Simenton she manages to create the method
of psychodrama and geno-sociogram and to apply it to patients suffering from
terminal cancer, adding psychological help to classical medical care. The use
of psychotherapy in cancer treatment provoces a spontaneous remission and
reduces the chance of death. The article is summarising the results of 15
years' experience.
Psychological defence
properties in healthy and somatic patients
A.
M. Mihailov, V. S. Rotenberg
The Plutchik's questionnaire
was used in healthy and having somatic diseases patients for the study of
psychological defence mechanisms. The results of the research were compared to
those of other psychodiagnostical methods (adapted MMP and Kettell's) in the
same participants. Correlation analysis showed that healthy patients had
defence mechanisms and actual psychological state more interrelated than ill
ones. The latter
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(both men and women) had stable correlation between ousting
and anxiety-depression scale and women only between ousting and complex factor
of anxiety by Kettell's test. Women (healthy and ill) were characterized by
more stressed defence mechanisms than men. The role of ousting in anxiety
genesis and compensatory part of other defence mechanisms are discussed.
Some psychological issues of
the problems of socio-cultural norms
A.
I. Rosov
The author believes that one
of the specific psychological aspects in the investigation of the
socio-cultural norms is the subject's attitude towards them. The protective and
instructive functions of these norms provide a favourable attitide enhanced by
the awareness of their direct importance for the subject. The negative attitude
is caused, first and foremost, by the fact that the observance of the aforesaid
norms requires on the side of the subject various forms of resignation —
submission to commands, limitation of realization of the drives, self-denial of
material and social advantages; secondly, by eventual enlargement of the
comprehension of expediency to dismiss concrete norms (obsolete as well as
interfering with creativity or progressive transformations). A special kind of
the attitudes in question constitute the choice by the subject of norms to be
respected, which may enable him to evade the observances of undesirable norms.
Pedagogical and other practical points are considered.
Does the intellect exist as
psychic reality?
M. A. Holodnaya
The contradictions
characteristic for testological and experimental-psychological approaches to
the study of Intellect and resulting in the illusion of its
"disappearance" as of real psychic capacity are considered. The
necessity to analyse the structural organization of intellect is stressed.
Three problems connected to it are discussed: what is the nature of cognitive
psychic structures being the foundation of human intellect functioning; what
are the properties of Individual Intellect cognitive space organization; what
is the specificity of reality's intellectual representations.
Computerized experiment for
learning activity in verbal-logical problem solving study
T.
V. Kornilova
The results of experimental
study concerning the relation of solving verbal-logical problem effectiveness
and learning activity are presented. Original computerized method was used combining
express-diagnostics of learning activity at the beginning, subject's choice of
aim level and different kinds of assistance during problem solving.
Interpersonal
communications' influence on joint thinking activity effectiveness
M. I. Harshiladze
The influence of social
'factor on joint group thinking activity in triads is discussed. The
interrelations of group performance, interpersonal connections' character and
offered task structure are shown. Effectiveness of group performance is
dependent of social set of interpersonal connections as well as of the type of
task. The extent of fixed set influence varies according to thinking task
complexity. Complicated task (mathematical riddle) lessens differential
influence of group interrelations (e. i. whether relations are positive or
negative). Positive social set stimulates group members less when high
communication level is necessary for task solving.
Diagnostics of consciousness
of vocational choice in Japanese schoolchildren
U. V. Ukke
Used in Japanese school test
for evaluation of readiness to decide on future vocation is analysed. The test
includes three aspects; capacity to self-evaluation, knowledge of labor and the
type of labor experience. Correctness of self-evaluation and necessary for
chosen vocation qualities are supervised by a teacher. When necessary, the
consultations on the development of vocationnally important qualities are given
(by way of special courses and additional labor tests), The use of a computer
for testing enables the pupil to decide if the consultation is needed. The
results of individual testing are employed In consulting and the data of mass
testing are used for the development of vocational guidance,
Concerning temperament
problem
A. T. Zlobin
The author offers a new notion
concerning the origin of different types of temperament as a result of human
necessities development. Using system approach the author states the
"mirrored" structure of nervous processes. The matrix of temperaments
is given. Its employment enables one to evaluate emotional-personal attitudes
characteristic for persons with different types of temperament. The article is
accompanied by the review.