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PE3ÞME HA AÍÃËÈÉCKOM ßÇÛKE
Personality's psychological experience: concerning the substantiation
of an approach
L. I. Vorobiova, T. V. Snegiriova
The authors endeavor to attach
theoretical status to the notion of «psychological experiences» and so to
introduce existential personality problems and life-sense connections to
scientific research. The consciousness is considered as universum of existence
experience. The sense of life of a personality becomes system-forming mechanism
of consciousness. The sense of life is of cultural-symbolical nature and is
realized in cultural-historical gestalts (myths, idealogisms and so on).
Inheritance of sense of life mechanisms are different from rational knowledge
acquisition. Some of them are well-known in psychology: emotional imprinting,
identification, emotional experience. Authors' approach synthesizes different
traditions and enables the researchers to realize two of L. S. Vygotsky's
cultural-historical concepts: creation of «high psychology of personality» and
accumulation of empirical knowledge in psychological practice.
Exactness, veritable knowledge and «technological fiction» in
psychology
E. A. Klimov
Professional activity of a
psychologist (a researcher as well as a practical worker) naturally includes
not only veritable knowledge but some unreal approaches (normative, value ones,
and deliberate usage of fiction — technological fictions — as necessary means
of approaching the truth). There is a brief survey of these approaches in
different areas of social consciousness as compared to psychologists' thinking.
Exactness serving as a criterion for veritable knowledge it is useful to
cultivate not only metrical exactness but semantic, logical, historical ones as
well — humanistic approaches in psychology cease to be inaccurate then.
The concept of psychological regression
A. Kozulin
The paper examines the
heuristic value of the concept of psychological regression. The language of
semiotic mediation of behavioral acts and mental operations seems to be more
adequate at the present stage of research than the traditional psychoanalytic
metaphors of mental «economy» and cathexis. This position is supported by a
number of developmental and clinical studies undertaken by L. S. Vygotsky and
his students. Analysis of these studies allows to make a tentative suggestion
regarding a formal scale of cognitive advancement/ regression, which may
replace the search for empirical coincidences in the behavior of children, people
in «primitive» societies, and mental patients. While constructing such a scale
one should take into account the type of communicative situation in which
«regressive» forms of behavior of thinking are observed.
Social-psychological analysis of children's conflicts during play
Ya. L. Kolominsky, B. P. Zhiznevsky
Such components of arising
in children's play conflicts as (a) conflict's cause, (b) modes of interaction
during a conflict, (c) means of conflict settling are considered. All these
aspects are illustrated by empirical data (1—6 years old children). The authors
suppose that children group decision in the situation of conflict serves as
specific communication sign by which the group controls its conduct.
A. S. Makarenko's comprehension of his wards' personality as a standard
of pedagogical perception
K. V. Verbova, S. V. Kondratyeva
Analysis of 47 pupil's
characters made by A. S. Makarenko shows the sides of his comprehension of his wards
qualitatively different from that of typical average teacher. The latter considers
his pupil first of all as a subject of learning activity, and the comprehension
of his ward as an integral personality is typical for Makarenko. His views are
dialectical so he looks for internal logics of child's personal qualities
system in its dynamics and contradiction, for reflection of these qualities
genesis in general life connections, and considers child's zone of nearest
development. The unification of reflective and social-perceptive processes is
distinctive peculiarity of Makarenko's pedagogical creativeness.
Psychological criteria of effectiveness in literary teaching at school
G. N. Kudina
The general system of
schoolchildren's literary development assessment is proposed. As a criterion
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the author uses the notion
of «social-psycho-logical standard» offered by K. M. Gurevich. The strategy of
a search for such a standard for an adult (concerning perusal of a concrete
lyric) and a modification of it depending on education and age levels are
stated. The resulting age standards enable one to assess the outcome of
literary teaching in different grades and so to assess different types of
teaching.
The peculiarities of schoolchildren's first impression concerning
another person
N. I. Babich
Age peculiarities of
1-3-graders' first impression concerning another person were studied.
School-children's social perception depended on general aspects of their
cognitive sphere, including exterior characteristics, fixed conditions and
personal peculiarities. The course of experimental training in order to
activate schoolchildren's perceptive abilities is offered.
The study of pedagogical Intercourse individual style
A. A. Korotaev, T. S. Tambovtseva
The study of pedagogical
intercourse individual style was based on system approach. The correlation
between intercourse operations and properties of two individuality's levels
(temperament and personality) of experienced teachers were investigated.
Correlation analysis data showed multilateral interaction of these factors. As
a result three types of pedagogical intercourse individual style were found:
«gentle» one, realized on personal level of contacts, «hard» one, realized on
businesslike level, and «flexible» one, realized on both levels.
The peculiarities of personal self-determination of nenets children
dwelling in boarding-schools
O. V. Lishin, T. M. Bostanzhieva, I. S. Provorova
Nenets schoolchildren
dwelling in boarding-school in a village of Yamal peninsula were studied. Low
level of socially useful activity was found as a consequence of teachers'
pedagogical unskilfulness and of raindeer-breeders' children psychological
crisis, resulting from their rejection of social norms established at the
boarding-school, and separation from their ethnic and family environment. On
the other hand, nenets adolescents demonstrate high level of personal interest
in knowledge and of social responsibility for education results.
Ethnic-cultural crisis of Nenets schoolchildren is connected to general
ecological and social one of indigenous population.
Reflective-perceptive analysis in pedagogical activity
A. A. Rean
The paper is dedicated to
psychological problems of teacher's cognition of pupil's personality. The notion
of reflective-perceptive analysis for its description and for that of
self-cognition is presented. The results of empirical study of pupil's learning
motivation structure by a teacher are considered.
The development of differential sensitiveness to spatial-temporal
parameters of movements during sports lessons
T. A. Ratanova
The investigation included
diagnostics of differentia] sensitiveness and of development of schoolchildren's
(first-graders') ability to distinguish minimal movement changes by spatial,
temporal and power parameters during 5—12-minutes sports lessons. The exercises
and methodic devices based on graded increase of speed, effort and amplitude of
movements, recommended for sports coaches and trainers, are described.
The problems arising before school psychologist connected with
pedagogical conference
V. E. Pahalian
Using his own experience of
school psychologist, the author describes the main problems in preparation and
carrying out of pedagogical conference. General stages of psychologist's work
and their specificity are shown and some effective and optimal means of
interaction between a psychologist and the teachers in order to solve the
problems of child's personality development and the development of student body
are offered.
Dr. Verner's image in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel «Hero of Our Age» as an
object of psychological experimenting
B. A. Nahapetov
The analysis of Dr. Verner's
(one of the main characters in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel «Hero of Our Age»)
artistic embodiment shows creative surpassing of Lafater's and Gall's theories
by M. Yu. Lermontov. The paper's author is the first to note the possibility of
Chembar district doctor G. N. Belynsky being the «psychological model» of Dr.
Verner.
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The category of activity and the subject of psychology
A. A. Piskoppel
The correlation between the
category of activity and the statement and solution of the subject of
psychology question, on one hand, and the problem of psychological categories'
systematization and possibilities for the category of subject activity to play
part of substance base of psychology, on the other hand, are discussed.
Interrelation of social-philosophical content and psychological one of category
of activity are analyzed.
The wastefulness of brain economic strategy
M. F. Kosilova
The paper deals with a
particular case of incongruence between effort and result: a large amount of
time and force consuming exercises invented by foreign language teachers to
cope with the persistent tendency of the students to ignore formal grammatical
means when reading scientific literature — and inefficiency of all that. It can
be supposed that the teachers do not take into account some peculiarities of
the deep psychological mechanisms of processing information. The paper argues
that by reading scientific literature the students use a holistic strategy that
corresponds to the principle of least effort by reading the texts with high
predictability but turns out to be inadequate with less predictable material.
The analytical strategy as running counter to the principle of economy is very
difficult to develop. A method aiming at achieving this goal is proposed.
Reflexological studies of child's development
T. D. Martsinkovskaya
V. M. Bekhterev's
reflexology was one of the main trends of pedological studies carried out in
USSR in the twenties — thirties. Bekhterev was the founder of Russian
scientific pedology working out objective approach to child's personality and
child's psychic development studies. Reflexology examined many problems — from
the stages of child’s development to personality typology and collective
forming. Bekhterev's studies played important part in psychology's
restructuring on materialistic foundations. These works, though some - what
mechanistic, are of indubitable interest for modern scientists especially
because of being unknown to many of them. Bekhterev's studies of genetic and
pedagogical reflexology were continued by his co-workers N. M. Shchelovanov and
V. S. Osipova.
Factors influencing recollection of intention
L. J. Kvavilashvili
Factors conducive to
recollecting of intention were experimentally studied including perseverance,
activity character, latent period, significance of intention itself.
Ascertained correlations served as the foundation of effective mnemonic modes
increasing the probability of vitally important intention recollection.
Sensitiveness of kinesthetic analyzer and human psychomotorics
L. P. Sergienko, V. P. Korenevich
Interrelation between
sensitiveness of kinesthetic analyzer and human psychometric behaviour is
described. There were 101 examinees 8—15 years old. Positive correlation was
found between the sensitiveness of kinesthetic analyzer and rapidity of motor
skills mastering. This interrelation becomes stronger as a result of
ontogenetic process. The data of presented experimental study can be used in
practical choice of children and adolescents for sports training.
Stages of computer-based psychodiagnostics analysis (on the example of
MMPI)
O. K. Tikhomirov, L. N. Sobchik, L. P. Guryeva, I. E. Garber, N. V.
Tarnovskaya, A. L. Remezova
Psychological consequences
of psychodiagnostics by MMPI computerization are considered. The comparison of
computer-based and traditional forms of psychodiagnostics shows some positive
new formations, enlarging its effectiveness, and some negative ones,
complicating it and hindering its productive result. The correlation of
positive and negative new formations is not linear and depends on concrete conditions
of computerized MMPI application. The perfection of these conditions leads to
optimization of computer-based MMPI usage.
The types of verbal connections in associative field
G. A. Martinovich
All the kinds of verbal associations
are considered as particular cases of associations by contiguity and likeness,
determined by formal, functional and pithy signs. The associations evolving and
implanting in human language consciousness because of regular joint usage of
words in speech (texts), that is the association by functional contiguity, play
important part in associative field organization. All the elements of
associative field
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on the most general level
are united by their own thematic connections, where all the other kinds of
interrelations manifest themselves.
Attributive characteristics
of a personality
A. A. Faizullaev
The problem of another
person's characteristic virtues attributing is considered. The author presents
a method of apportionment of 8 subject's positions enabling one to achieve
attributive characteristic. The peculiarities of these positions and
subpositions in the framework of which definite projective content is
actualized are shown. Diagnostic experiment data are discussed and presented method's
possibilities are stated.
Personality as a function of
human design
F. Barron
The distinctive
characteristics of human personality is a consciousness capable of reflection
and able to create variants of itself by design. The author reviews the developing
situation in personality theory as he now sees it, and outlines
«design-functionalism in personality» in its development. It is an approach to
the psychology of personality through a consideration of the implications for
consciousness of the basic features of the design of man. The most distinctive
features of human personality are: our inherent duality; the pervasiveness and
generative power of conflict; our capacity to choose and to grow from our
choices; and our power to create and to evolve by our own design through
reflection upon the changes we bring about.
«Activity-oriented psychology of personality» in G. Crampon’s concept
A. P. Cornelio
The main trends of G.
Crampon’s partial theory are reviewed. This theory connects personal level of
self-regulation of actions with «generalization of personal expectations» and
aspires to integrate the psychology of personality. It is stated that G.
Crampon’s theory is productive when the notions of «expected values», «locus of
control», «I-concept» are considered as the regulation of actions structuring
factors result but does not deal with such aspects of self-regulation that are
connected with the level of activity/personality (not coming to the sum total
of action realization forms) analysis.