188
Abramenkova V. V.
The necessity of the use of estrangement notion in psychology is
stressed and its importance for child social psychology is shown. The leading position
in this notion's analysis is held by the idea of psychological conversive —
dual process of identification — estrangement. It deals with the most important
aspect of culture values and personal senses interiorization: the
identification ensures enrichment of child's personal-sense sphere owing to
another "I", and estrangement ensures preservation, stability of
self.
Soviet Association for
humanistic psychology (project of statute)
Humanistic psychology developed as an alternative to tecnocratic and
manipulative tendencies in society. It maintains such human values as freedom,
creativity, compassion. All its supporters must unite their efforts. In order
to achieve the goals of humanistic psychology Soviet Association for humanistic
psychology is founded.
New approache to creativity development in
preschoolers
Poddyakov N. N.
There are three basical lines in creative studies: (a) a study of
child's creative processing of new experience, (b) a study of creative process
as a specific form of qualitative transition from known to unknown (search
activity), (c) a study of motivation-emotional sphere's peculiarities,
depending on and promoting creative development. The new approach combines all
the three of them.
The comprehention of
violence and humiliation situations by aggressive adolescents
Znakov V. V.
The trends in comprehension of violence situations by juvenile
delinquents characterized by heightened aggressiveness are analysed. Four types
of adolescent aggressiveness are experimentally found. Those with different
types of aggressive behaviour have differences not only in violence and
humiliation comprehending but in psychological predisposition to aggression and
in subjective inclination to take part in fights. It is shown that juvenile
delinquents have distorted notions concerning permissible in human society
means of defence of justice, human rights and dignity.
Operative memory and spelling mistakes of pupils
Bulohov V. Ya.
Two groups of five-years-old children were mastering the beginnings of spelling by the same programme, but the matter distribution and lesson organization were different. In the first or them children were tought united speech-thinking activity, where self-regulation was needed, and only after that they did specific sound analysis of words. In the second group there was an opposite order. Children from the first group obtained an orientation in sound speech as a whole, and sound analysis was not a situation skill, but a natural process in auditory language perception. This strategy seems to be more effective and adequate for preschoolers (the second group was less successful).
Teaching to 5-years-old children the beginnings of
spoiling
Berezhkovskaya E. L., Varentsova N. S.
Spelling mistakes of the pupils of the 3-d — 10-th forms are unevenly
distributed along the length of a predicative unit (an elementary sentence). In
short predicative units consisting of 2 or 3 words each subsequent graphic word
carries more mistakes than each preceding one. In longer elementary sentences besides
the peak of mistakes in the last word there can be observed spelling mistake
peaks in the middle. The number of the peaks in the middle of a predicative
unit consisteng of 4—14 words depends on its length and the kind of written
speech activity (composition, reproduction, dictation). Spelling mistakes get
accumulated in such parts of elementary sentence where operative memory,
responsible for its composition, experiences the greatest strain. As a result
"breakdowns" take place in its activity finding their expression in
the peaks of mistakes.
189
The objectiveness of joint
educational activity
Tsukerman G. A.
The teacher's and pupil's mutual understanding during a lesson analysis
shows two reasons for illusiveness of comprehension. The first of them is widely
known: child's logics is not normative but a teacher disregards child's outlook
peculiarities, and addresses his pupil as a "tabula rasa". The second
reason lies in child's peculiar perception not only of the content but of the
form of interaction with an adult. The substitution of educational task for
executive one is due to natural way of child's thinking as well as natural
attitude to an adult as a model for imitation and for obedience. So mutual
understanding can not be attained by educational content perfection. The form
of educational interaction itself must be mastered.
Dynamics of 6-years-old first-graders' mental
efficiency in connection to their physical activity
Zaytsev Â. Ì.,
Lytko A. A.
It is found that the increase of 6-years-old first-graders everyday
physical activity positively influences their mental efficiency and prevents
their wearyness to the end of academic year. There is a drop in mental
efficiency of schoolchild-ren towards the middle of academic week regardless of
their physical activity. The teachers must take it into account dealing with
6-years-old first-gradrs.
Psychological peculiarities
of students' adoption of moral notions during literature lessons
Shakirova G. M.
The peculiarities of adoption of moral knowledge are considered in their
connection to formation of moral convictions. They are determined by structural
characteristics of knowledge itself and specific forms of its existence in
fiction, demanding of the reader extraction of the knowledge from
image-emotional substance of a book. The results of such a process in
schoolchildren are examined and some defects are mentioned. It is necessary to
purposefully govern it. Some psychological recommendations to that lend are
given.
Collective form of problem teaching in spelling
Makarova V. I.
The use of problem method on mastering of spelling in primary school is
considered. The system of problem tasks is offered, beginning with the simplest
ones when the teacher helps the pupils and they wright down their attempts to
solve the problems. Such a system allows to include all the pupils in
determination of spelling rules. It takes into account one's individual
abilities and develops independent thinking. The use of graded spelling tasks
enables the teacher to direct mental development of pupils and their spelling
skills.
The schoolchildren's
activization in professional self-determination
Samoukina N. V.
The notions of activity, activization and subject of activity are analysed.
The problem of activization of schoolchildren's professional self-determination
is the problem of their upbringing as the subjects of congnitive, educational,
working activity and personal contact. The basical characteristics of subject
of activity are stated, ^and subject activity forms are described. Using
general notion of subject of activity the notion of personal professional
self-determination is worked out, the structure of situation of professional
self-determination is given. Complex program of active professional orientation
for schoolchildren using the principles of active social-psychological
influence is proposed. The system of dynamics' diagnostics of schoolchildren's
active professional self-determination is described.
The forming of professional convictions in future
teachers
Milrud R. P.
Professional convictions of future teachers are considered as sense
formations rooted in individual consciousness as a result of ousting of rival
personal senses. The phenomenon of sense ambi-valence connected to the process
of pedagogical convictions forming is considered as well as psycho-semiotic
signs of professionally adequate teacher's convictions. The path of
psychological study and correction of these is approved.
Psychological rehabilitation of children — victims of
railway catastrophe
Masgutova S. K.
The experience of psychological aid to children — victims of railway
catastrophe is analysed. The psychological method dealing with children's
emotional experiences was used in order to achieve psychological rehabilitation
of behaviour and personality of a child. Suggestotherapy, empathical listening
method by K. Rogers, M. Ratter's and A. Beck's methods of fobia removal,
Dennys-sons' psychokinesyologic gymnastics, formation of new sence of life were
used. The sequence of them was determined empirically.
Concerning parent — child contact
Fridman I. K.
Some characteristics of parent — child contact ;ire described and ways
of their improvement, found during psychological correction, are proposed.
These characteristics are connected to nonverbal intercourse of an adult and a
child. Examples of bodily differences between child and adult hampering
contacts are given. General peculiarities and individual cases of child's body
behaviour are described. Knowledge of parent — child contacts enables an adult
to learn how to effectively associate with one's child. It is also the basis
for psychological correction of such a contact.
190
Artificial intellect-88 and M. Vertheimer's
"Productive thinking" (1945)
Guberman Sh. A.
To ascertain the nature of emotional stability in is necessary to
comprehend the subject and dynamics of motives, experiences, cognitive processes
in extremal situation. It cannot come to emotional self-regulation,
manifestations of will-power or temperament. The study and control of emotional
stability have to do with biological, psychological and social spheres of
personality. The demonstration of emotional stability as a personal quality and
as a psychic state enables one to find the ways of its increase, preservation
and implementation in difficult situations.
Concerning the study of emotional stability
Dyachenko M. I., Ponomarenko V. A.
The article is dedicated to the first Russian edition of
"Productive thinking" by M. Vertheimer. Modern studies of artificial
intellect are considered in their connection with the book's content.
Psychological sense of rationalistic criticism of
psychoanalysis
Gilbo E. V.
The author discusses customary for modern science opinion that
psycho-analysis as a scientific method is beneath all criticism. The
correlation of researcher's personality type and scientific method employed—is
considered. Four models of cognition characteristic of intellectual, intuitive,
sensory and emotional personality types of scientists are marked out. The
author concludes that rationalistic criticism of psycho-analysis is due to the
offensive of scientists belonging to intellectual type fighting for restriction
of subjects and methods of scientific studies to those accessible for them.
Did I. P. Pavlov's concept slow down the development
of Soviet behaviouristic sciences
Chuprikova N. I.
The article is an answer to B. I. Kochubey's publications (Voprosy
psikhologii, 1989, N 2, N 5). It asserts that the opponent was not able to prove
negative role of I. P. Pavlov's concept in Soviet behaviuoristic sciences'
development. L. S. Vygotskiy's appreciation of Pavlov's higher nervous activity
theory is imparted. Successive connection of Vygotskiy's culture-historical
theory and Pavlov's ideas of signalling and conditionality in cortex's activity
and of the second signal system is outlined.
G. S. Kostyuk's "Role of heredity, environment
and upbringing in psychis development of a child" address' discussion
90 years have passed since G. S. Kostyuk, well-known Ukrainian
psychologist and science organizer, was born. His most important works are
republished recently in Russian and some of them in Ukrainian. The address
mentioned in the title of this paper was published, but not the discussion
about it. Meanwhile it is of considerable interest, showing Soviet
psychologists overcoming of simplification tendencies and solving
methodological problems in psychology even in very complicated times.
Threshold problem and differential psychophysics
Bardin K. V.
The author has doubts as to well-known psycho-physical paradigm
maintaining that for every individual principles of sensoric system operation
are the same. To counterbalance it the author proposes new psychological branch
taking into account individual peculiarities of an observer — differential
psychophysics. Some experimentally found determinants of individual behaviour
of observers are given, and possible solution of threshold problem is proposed
in connection with one of them.
Peculiarities of interaction between partners in
communication and their reflection in speech
Zachesova I. A., Pavlova N. D.
An aspect of psychological structure of conversational text connected to
manifestation of communicative relations is studied. A method of text analysis
is proposed enabling one to single out and qualitatively and quantitatively
characterize communicative factors of speech. Some regular forms of situation
self-appraisal, status, attitude to the partner manifestations are shown by
means of notions of dialogue expression, assessment and modality. Experimental
data based on scientific discussions' analysis illustrate proposed method.
Psychological characteristics of externality —
internality degree in a text
Smirnova M. M.
The problem of objectivation of personality in one's activity is
considered in connection to methodologicai scheme "subject — product of
activity". The degree of subject's external — internal personal
orientation in speech activity product — text — is studied. The latter, after I:
A. Zimnyaya, is interpreted as multilevel formation realizing all the
psychological content of speech activity and of the subject. Representation of
subject's locus of control is studied on five separate levels of text, which
'make it possible to state text objectivation of externality— internality and
to define motivation-purpose and sense levels of the text as relevant to
speaker's locus of control. As a result new approaches to psychological
diagnostics of personality are outlined.
The success of perception in connection with
individual peculiarities of listeners
Manerov V. H.
Interrelations between listeners' ability to dustinguish speakers and
the emotional state of the latter, on one hand, and individual peculiarities of
the examinees, on the other hand, are studied. A new test — cognitive
orientation, showing a tendency to interpret stimuli (pictures) in geometric,
object (inanimate) terms or psychomorphous (animate) ones was worked out and
used together with widely known tests. Emotionally unstable, psychomorphously
oriented listeners were more successful in distinguishing speakers and their
emotional state.
191
Automation of personality study by MMPI method with
verbal diagnosis synthesis
Oganezov A. S., Sumenko O. V.
Program complex for automation of all stages of testing by MMPI method
(instructing of examinee, producing of statements, MMPI profile receiving,
interpretation of results complete with evaluation of examinee's attitude
towards examination, hypothetical psychiatric diagnosis and examinee's
personality characteristics) is described. The results are produced in printed
form. The records of examinations are kept in data bank so that statistical
processing is possible. Proposed program complex sufficiently quickens data
processing in mass medical-psychological studies.
The family context: couple satisfaction, parenting
style, and speech to young children
Kerig P. K.
Presented data on marital satisfaction, parenting style and
conversational behaviour of parents show that qualities of the family
environment affect men and women as marital partners, and these marital factors
are in turn important mediators of the quality of the relationships between
each parent and the child. The conversational behaviour of fathers seems to be
sensitive to such variables as parenting style and level of marital
satisfaction, while mothers display greater consistency. The relationchip
between parental language behaviour and gender-based differentiation of boys
and girls and the mediation of this relationship by the variable of marital
satisfaction has important implications for the study of child development.
Creativity as a path to self-empowerment
Rogers N.
The definition of creativity and creative process (by means of addition
principle) is given. It is shown how creativity can get stiffled and killed in
a person, and a method used by K. Rogers to strengthen creativity is described.
Author's own method of creativity fostering is proposed. It is based on person
centered expressive therapy.