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Activity principle in educational psychology
I. S. Yakimanskaya
The substance and forms of
subject's activity in cognition are considered. Its sources, determinants, ways
and conditions of its organization are described. Special attention is payed to
education's role in the development of school-children's cognitive activity, to
making of different educational programs and forms of lessons. Subjective
experience of students must be used for free choise of substance, forms and
terms of education. It is stressed that student's activity is developed by
special organization of education, including not only mastering a subject, but
mastering effective ways of learning as well. The latter ensures
self-development, self-realization of student's personality in continued
education.
Some problems of research in the history of psychology in Russia
A. A. Nikolskaya
There are four the most
important problems in the history of psychology research. The first of them is
the importance of historical experience analysis for modern scientific
development, particularly for application of humanistic principles in
education, upbringing and complex study of a child. The second is evaluation
principle in psychological-historical
research (objectivity, scientific value and so on). The third is the
study of concrete issues of Soviet psychology's history. The fourth is the
necessity of more international scientific contacts for the researchers in the
history of psychology.
The problems of upbringing and psychosomatic paradigm
V. S. Rotenberg
Two main paradigms of
psychosomatic diseases — emotional stress paradigm and intrapsychic motivation
one — are compared. It is shown that the condition of refusal from search is in
fact the basis of both conceptual models and serves as leading
predisposition for psychosomatic
diseases' development. Social climate's and upbringing's role in search
behaviour or in the refusal from search is discussed. The ratio of neuroses and
psychosomatic diseases is discussed also.
Creative giftedness concept
A. M. Matyushkin
Theoretical foundations of
creative giftedness concept are formulated. General structure components of
creative potential making possible creative development and self-realization
are stated. They include: a) leading role of cognitive motivation, b) problem
finding and problem solving, c)making original decisions, d) possibilities of
solution's and their results' anticipation, e) making of estimation standards
leading to highest levels of expression and realization of creative solutions.
Moral behaviour and moral self-consciousness of preschoolers
S. G. Jakobson, G. I. Moreva
The dependance of moral
behaviour on the structure and constituents of the self at the age of 6—7 was
studied. Each of 100 children acted in a situation of free moral choice and
then evaluated oneself on an 11-point scale. Afterwards the child was requested
to imagine that one acted in the opposite way and to evaluate oneself too. The
data reveal definite interdependence between the child's behaviour and the
interrelationship of self-evaluations in cases of real and imagined opposite
behaviour. Modifying the self-image of those who consistently violated the norm
had a positive effect both on behaviour and self-evaluations.
The teacher and emotional regulation of schoolchildren's cognitive
activity
A. Ya. Chebikin
A complex of specific means
designed for purposeful management of schoolchildren's cognitive activity is
based on emotional regulation of learning activity concept. Conditions of
integration of psychological, didactic and methodological knowledge of
students—future teachers—under special learning-professional guidance are
discussed.
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The teacher's psychic state and the productivity of a lesson
A. O. Prohorov
Teacher's psychic state and
its influence concerning productivity of a lesson were studied during periods
of different duration: a lesson, one day's working hours, a semester. Positive
psychic states were playing leading role in productivity's dynamics, their
intensity was decreasing to the end of a year. Positive psychic praexic and
creative states were most important in such a dynamics.
Construction of geometrical figures as a means of schoolchildren's
cognitive development
K. V. Voskanian
The means of draught
construction shows itself in the capacity of cognitive activity's variety,
forming theoretical thinking in schoolchildren. Carrying out practical actions
with the help of planks, the schoolchildren produced the models of geometrical
figures and then they reproduced the results of practical actions in
materialized form (as a draught). All this imparts certain trend to
demonstration process because the draught serves as a source of geometrical
notions (theorem's and problems') emergence. On the basis of making and
constructing of two equal traingles with common base the formation of some
geometrical notions, theorems and problems took place.
Psychology of perception and organization of learning matter
V. K. Kolobaev
Correct organization of
foreign language learning matter plays an important role in its mastering.
Presenting of grammar information by stages in order to form simultaneous
perception of complicated grammar forms of foreign language is discussed. As a
learning unit syntagma is considered. On different stages of learning the size
of syntagma grows and
reaches natural speech
(conversational or written) level. A lot of different tasks and exercises lets
student's perception and attention stay active.
The development of child's imagination in Russian traditional folks
pedagogics
Russian folks pedagogics was
studied in order to evaluate such forms of adult—child interaction that help to
promote imagination. The study was based on protocol records of old people's
communication with 1—3-years-old children. It is shown that the adults often
use imaginary situations in order to gladden the child and to direct its
behaviour. The child's participation is natural and involuntary at first. Then
the child performs imaginary actions proposed by the adult: uses one object as
if it were another (a ring as a hat or a basin), verbally addresses the object,
enacts somebody else, models life situations with a toy. Imaginary actions
serve as imagination manifestations on elementary level. Imaginary situations
and actions are recommended as a means of a small child upbringing.
Problems of humanization of interpersonal contacts and general trends
of their psychological study
A. A. Bodalev
Psychological nature of
interpersonal contacts based on humanistic principles is considered. Problems
to be solved by scientists are formulated in order to obtain full and comprehensive
knowledge on fenomenology, appropriateness and ways of development in a person
of readiness and ability to such contacts.
Sources of interest in work: some psychological mechanisms
M. A. Kotik
The theory of "labour
humanization" put forward as a counter-theory to taylorism presupposes
that via the emotional involvement of a worker into the working process it is
possible to considerably enhance his productivity. The authors of this theory
when providing their rationale and empirical proofs however are throwing no
light on the psychological mechanisms lieing behind the labour humanization.
The aim of the present article is to fill this gap to a certain extent. An
attempt to explain the mechanisms of workers' emotional involvement into the
labour process is put forward on the basis of cybernetic analysis of the
development of working activity and elaboration of the theory of reversive
activity. Different cybernetic models of different classes of activity have
been built on this basis.
Art problems and computer education
V. R. Pilipenko
There is a possibility to
use psychological cut of formalisms space in art of XX century in order to
design formal and substantial components of computer education. LOGO potential
is analysed as that of a language opposing formalization threat. The use of
archaetypes of object environment (plans—maps of cities) where general aspects
of programming and cultural-historical meanings and senses are realized
simultaneously, is substantiated.
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Motivation—sense connection in human orientation structure
Yu. M. Zabrodin, B. A. Sosnovskiy
The composition of
notions—need, motive (and its functions), object, sense; emotion — is analysed.
It is shown that modern interpretation of them (in A. N. Leontiev's main scheme
traditions) deliberately excluded some subjective (really human, partial,
emotional) aspects of studied reality—the personality and its activity. Broader
interpretation of actual psychology of motivation problems and motivational
phenomena is given. The acthors consider it necessary to systematically study
motivation— sense manifestations, special structures ("constructs")
of human psychics in their proections on personality orientation in particular.
Such a study is conducted, for instance, in practical diagnostics and forming
of motivational readyness of future teacher for professional activity, it being
psychological in fact.
Variations in gifted children's birth rate depending on 11-years Sun
activity cycle
E. S. Vinogradov
The correlation between
birth rate of talented people and Sun activity is established as a result of
analysis of statistical data. The author promotes the hypothesis of mental
abilities predispositions' formation in infancy under influence of marked
variations of natural radiation and atmospheric pressure. Experimental
verification of the hypothesis is considered. The notion of artificial
development of human mental predispositions is discussed.
Concerning a problem of individual differences during the alteration of
skill
T. F. Bazilevich
The notion of typological
syndromes of anticipation as an individual-generalized part of various
purposeful activity of a person was used as a base for experimental study. It
is shown that individual peculiarities of alteration of skill during cardinal
change of functional systems af actions are correlated with positive phase of
brain anticipation potentials, registered in actions of different sense.
Appropriateness isomorphism characteristic for different levels of
individuality is discussed in accordance with evolution-system approach to
theoretical reconstruction of integrity of individ and personality in
developing activity.
Lateralization types in children and neurophysiological foundation of
individual ability to learn
V. D. Eremeeva
Right-handed 2—7-years-old
children after the determination of leading hand in various kinds 01 bimanual
activity were divided into 2 groups: with higher level of right-handedness (I)
and with lower level of it (II). Correlation analysis of EEG shows that
children of two groups have two types of function lateralization—strict
lateralization expressed in left-hemispheric asymmetry in all cases of
verbalization of tactile perception of an object (I group), and changing
lateralization when the sign of asymmetry changes according to emotional
importance of percepted object (II group). The children of II group have higher
level of speech thinking, are more active emotionally, have higher ability to
learn. The right-handedness increases in preschoolers and decreases in
schoolchildren.
Fuctional asymmetry and neurotization level in students working on a
computer
E. I. Nikolaeva, N. M. Subbotina
Three groups of students
working on a computer for different periods of time were examined. It is shown
that those of students who was going to become a programmist and worked on a
computer several hours every day, had more marked risk of neurotization than
their fellow-students working on a computer 2—3 hours a week or not working at
all. The biggest risk of neurosis was connected with left-side functional
asymmetry and ambidextrousness.
The changes of construct
"cognitive style" in foreign psychology in the sixties—the eighties
of XX century are considered. Models concerning style typology and including
style meazurement in experimental schemes are discussed. Perspectives of
development of style regulation notion in Soviet psychology are stated.