188
U. N. Koulyutkin
Continuous education of
adults is a process of permanent comparison of a personality's individual experience
with the social experience reflected in science and culture, as well as in
other people s experience. This process presupposes the instructional
reconstitution of the problems which arise in adults' practical activity, and
adults' participation in joint resolution of such problems from the point of
theory. The goal of teaching adults is to develop dispositional and attitudinal
structures of the personality, categorical thinking, and problem solving
methodology wich arise in the social, professional and personal life of a
grown-up adult.
OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF
EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE
A. V. Petrovsky, V. I. Slobodchikov, B. M. Bim-Bad,
U. V. Gromyko
The article represents a conception of the
development of educational science in conditions of social renewal and
reconstruction of education.
The philosophical, methodological, and organizational
foundations of educational science and practice are determined today by the
radical change of social and cultural attitudes in the system of public
education, i. e. the deliverance of education from the function of serving
political structures, and its becoming a general factor of social life
development. The article studies the major conditions of introdustion of
pedagogy and psychology into the general development of science about human
being, and into the complex knowlege about man.
CORRELATION OF INSTRUCTION, PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL PECULIART1ES OF THE RIPENING BRAIN
L. A. Venger, A. A. Ibatullina
Children of three, five and six years old
were studied from the point of impact of instruction on psychic development and
formation of a number of psychophysiological functions, according to the
indices of EEG and evoked potentials (EP) of the brain.
Among the effects of instructions there were
observed: improvement of the level of children's intellectual development;
acceleration of functional growth of CNS according to EEG and EP
indices; improvement of cerebral
mechanisms of orientational reactions, and of orintational research activity;
improvement of neuro-cognitive activity.
The article contains the conclusion, that the
guided impacts of environment related to formation of a specifically human
experience have effect on formation of neurophysiological mechanisms of a
number of the studied functions. An important role of individual differences
observed from the early ages is noted in the article.
PERSONAL SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE SENIOR SCHOOL
AGE:
INDICES, CATEGORIES OF SUCCESS
T. V. Snegireva
The article represents an approach to studying the personal self-determination (analogous to the notion of identity) in the senior school age. Repertoire formats technique was applied in the study. The values-and-time structure of Ego (continuity of the past, the present and the future, and their congruency to ideal Ego) and its special structure (correlation of Ego to other Egos) were taken as operational equivalents of the notion. The content dynamics of meaning concepts of those examined in regard to the discovered typical patterns of values-and-time structure of Ego. Basing of systems analysis of these variables some criteria of productivity of the process of personal self-determination and its versions were identified.
189
STUDIES OF MOTIVATION OF ADOLESCENTS
WITH THE ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR
N. N. Tolstykh, S. A.
Koulakov
The usage of the motivation induction method
(method d'induction motivationelle — MIM) of G. Nuttin allowed to detect
specific deformation of the motivation sphere and the time perspective of the
15—17-years-old adolescents with the addictive behaviour (using alcohol drinks
and toxic substances), which manifestos itself in the decrease of interpersonal
relations, sexual need, increase of the personal independence motivation,
protection of the Ego, the loss of the time perspective of the future and some
other moments. The significance of the received data for the early diagnosis,
correction and the preventive treatment in the work with such adolescents both
in medical institutions and in the school psychological service system, is discussed.
CONDITIONS OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF REFLECTION IN SIX-YEAR-OLDS
G. A. Tsukerman
The article consideres the
possibility to develop six-year-olds by means of instructional activity. Two
reciprocal streams of teaching are differentiated: development, and
improvement, with their specific content and forms of cooperation of a student
with the teacher and the peers. The determining reflection being the major new
phenomenon in the junior school age is
considered as the criterium of child's development by means of instructional
activity. With a method which identifies children's ability to determining
reflection there were examinations made among six-year-olds who were taught by
means of instructional activity. The data obtained allows to conclude that
six-year-olds can be taught by means of instructional activity, the conditions
of development of both six and seven-year olds being similar, and the
conditions of their improvement having qualitative differences.
MUSICAL AND LINGUISTIC AB1L1TES AS A COMPONENT OF
MUSICAL GIFTEDNESS
D. K. Kirnarskaya
Basing on the idea of the level structure of
abilites, where each level serves as a ground for the development of abilities
of a higher level, the author consideres that ear for music, a sense of rythm,
and musical memory constitute the foundation of musical giftedness. The first stage of it is formed
by the musical and linguistic ability, and higher levels are structured upon
it.
The author has developed a complex of musical
problems to identify this ability. The problems lean upon two major kinds of
thinking and verbal operations — selection, and combination. These problems are
exercises on elementary composition, and they require a creative approach. In
developing the problems the experimentator tried to limit the role of
experience (knowledge, skills) in order to identify most clearly the musical
and linguistic ability itself.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL, COND1T10NS OF
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
U. A. Gribov
Introduction of creative self-expression into
instructional activity of the traditional school shows psychological resistance
in individuals, and group agression against creative self-expression, both of
which grow with age. There is a need to design instructional and educational
process on the grounds of harmonization of creative and reproductive foundations.
This is impossible to achieve without overcoming the paradigma of the
traditional pedagogy which are: monologic, and forming an authoritarian type of
personality; intellectualistic, which absolutize the role of abstract,
symbolic, and formal logic structures in human thinking; paradigm of
inferiority of childhood's creative potential.
The article compares two strategies in
scientific search, monoperspective, and multiperspective, the latter being much
more effective because it provides for independent search, competition and
intensive exchange of ideas and experience.
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF ABILITY TO DETERMINE REGULARITIES IN CHILDREN OF SIX AND
SEVEN YEARS OLD
On the example of fulfilling three exercises
— two arithmetical, and one to identify meaningful peculiarities (form and
color) — the levels of development of ability to determine regularities are
compared in six-year-olds of a Zero Grade at school, and of a senior group at
Kindergarten. The post-testing was arranged a year later. The instruction
according to a specially designed curriculum in the Zero Grade has led to the
much higher development of ability to determine regularities in six-year-olds
at school.
190
IN DEFENSE OF EMPIRISM
The article expresses an opinion that one of
the major reasons of the poor condition of Soviet psychology is the crisis of empirical,
mainly experimental, studies. Their status is extremely low in comparison with
theoretical and some practical researches. The low culture of dealing with
facts undermines the foundation of both psychological theory and practice, the
first being transformed into the stage for ideological speculations, the latter
— into a combination of methods to manipulate behavior. The article suggests
some measures to improve the order of things in empirical psychology.
MOTIVATIONAL PROCESS STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY, AND TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY OF REQUIREMENTS
A. N. Zernichenko, N.
V. Goncharov
A new approach based on the ideas of homology
of fundamental regularities in self-organization in nature is proposed for
psychology. By an exemplary model the article shows the natural correlation of
energetical, informational and enthropical characteristics of human psychics.
Basing on analysis of interrelation of common constituents of human activity,
such as motives, attitudes and emotions, it is postulated that emotional
reaction is but the reaction on ethropy changes in the processes of arising and
satisfying the requirements. The proposed model gives a new light to the
relation between vital and spiritual requirements of the personality.
ON ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
N. A. Batourin
Evaluation has not been yet presented as an
independent issue in genera] psychology despite of a significant role of assessment processes in the holistic psychic
functioning of man, and despite of a wide introduction of evaluation phenomena
in various spheres of human and social activity, and regardless of the great
interest for studying evaluation in a number of psychological disciplines. The
article gives an analysis of the essence of evaluation as a specific psychic
phenomenon, and a detailed account of two basic classes of evaluation as well
as proposes working definitions of assessment and evaluation.
S1TUATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATION AND PHENOMENON OF THE "SET"
I. V. Imedadze
The study assumes the motivation as a process
of formation and transformation of the mindset. The author defends the thesis
that the interruption of the need and the situation brings forth not the need,
but emerging of a new-psychological reality reflected in the notion of the
"set". In the motivational process the situational specification of
the "set" takes place at two structural levels which relate to an
imaginary and actual situations. The article also discusses the problem of the
personal level of self-regulation in the view of the "set" theory.
AN EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING SPOUSAL UNFAITHFULNESS
A. N. Volkova
The article contains advices to practitioning
psychologists in regard to their work with spousal couples who apply for
consultation because of unfaithfulness of one of the spouses. Various types of
jealousy and other behaviors are described.
METHOD OF THE
"INCLUDED CONFLICT": EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNSELOR'S
STRATEGIES
U. V. Baskina, A. S.
Spivakovskaya
The article describes a method developed by
the authors to diagnose the essentials of parents relations to the child and
their awareness of the child's individuality. The method was built on the
principle of projected incomplete stories which describe most typical conflict
situations in families with children of 7 through 9 years of age. The stories
were to be completed by the children and by the parents who wrote projections
"for the children". The completed stories were compared and analysed
both quantitatively and qualitatively. The method has been successfully
implicated to estimate effectiveness of psycho-corrective work of counselor
with the "conflicted families".
ONTOGENETICAL PECULIARITIES OF MOVEMENT AS1MMETRY IN
SCHOOL AGE
A. T. Bondar, N. A. Otmakhova, A. I. Fedotchev
An analysis of the simple movement bimanual
reaction among 10 groups of students of different age (7—17 years old) allowed
to find out significant reduction of delays of movement responses with the
progress of age. This was also accompanied by a trend to the reduction of
asimmetry of time of right and left-hand reactions. Both indices had
fluctuating variables, very complicatedly interrelated, and changing
synchronically until the age of 11—12, and in different directions after it.
The study of the obtained data from the view of contemporary ideas about the
functional interspheric brain asimmetry as well as about fluctuating processes
in psychophysiological functions leads to an assumption that the age of 11—12
years is a critical period in the development of movement asimmetry in man.
191
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF UPTIDUTES
B. R. Kadyrov
An experiment was staged to study
determinants of vocational uptitudes in 8-graders, as defended on the level of
activation of brain hemispheres and latent periods of the visually evoked
potenatials. The data has proven that the dynamics of psychic processes as well
as high activeness of the left hemisphere predetermines the choice of the type
of activity related to symbolic systems. Activeness of the right hemisphere
provides for the individual' s preferences for activity with natural reality
objects and interpersonal communication.
Artistic uptidutes were manifested in all
subjects with high-level brain activation. Steady inclinations for specific
types of activity in adolescents are sustained by the related
neurophysiological determinants.
SHORT-TIME MEMORY AND MASTERING OF PRACTICAL SKILLS
E. V. Zaika, M. A. Kouznetsov
An experimental study with the use of an
original method of measuring the volume of the short-time memory has discovered
that the short-time memory provides for integration of separate operations into
a holostic action. The volume of the short-time memory is related to the speed
of formation of the action, and precision is connected with the duration of
tests. The article formulates the notion of the short-time memory as an
important factor of formation of practical skills by concentrated instruction.
FACTORS OF FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE IDENTIFICATION
SKILLS IN INSTRUCTlON
The matter of discussion is the issue of
students ability for a
correct and rapid identification different variations of specific
representatives of an already familiar class of objects, particularly of the
new and unusual representatives.
The author proves the necessity of developing
a special mechanism of an immediate switch from the single-moment way of
identification to the successive, and analytical one, which was used at the
earlier stages of instruction. Two kinds of the method are represented.
PECULIARITIES OF DESIGNING VERBAL VISUAL CODES TO
BILINGUAL OPERATORS
G. M. Zarakovsky, S.
L. Ryzhakova, P. S. Tourzin
The article contains a review of practical
issues of designing verbal visual codes to represent information for the
bilingual operators.
Recommendations for developing a professional
lexykon thesaurus have been elaborated to optimize bilingual operators activity
taking into account possible extra-linguistic factors. A possibility of the use
of abbreviations in this context is also discussed.
APPARATUS
METHOD TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF COMMUNICATION OF A BOSS WITH SBORD1NATES
U. V. Sinyagin,
V. F. Gousev
The major background of the apparatus method
is an idea of interrelation between the reaction to color and emotional
conditions. The device developed to be used in the method helps to register the
emotinal component of the management activity, i. e. to detect changes of
emotional conditions of a person before and after communication with the boss.
Some recommendations are given in regard to management activity in public
education.
A DEVICE TO REGISTER
EYE MOVEMENT
S. K. Yefimov, D.
G. Lebedev, N. S. Sourovicheva
A device designed to register eye movement by
photooptical method allows to tune the system by a spacial change in the
position of the light projector. The projector has only two interperpendicular
panels. This type of light projector yields significant reduction of tuning
time during the experiment.
AUSTRALIAN
PSYCHOLOGY IN 1989: A SNAPSHOT
The article informs of the current trends in
psychological theory and applied research in Australia, and of the specific
features of the Australian psychologists' activities. Among areas of their
special research are social provisions for immigrants and Aborigen tribes.
An expanded review of university education,
and psychological training, in particular, are represented. Separate sections
of the article describe clinical psychology experiences, psychology s role in
social welfare, educational and develormental psychology, ergonomics, and
sports psychology.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL STUDIES ON INSTRUCTIONAL COOPERATION IN THE USA
T. K. Tsvetkova
The article contains a critical review of
contemporary studies of instructional cooperation in American educational
psychology. It gives an analysis of the main directions of the research and
approaches towards experimental study and practical realization of cooperation
as on of the ways to intesify learning.