Âû íàõîäèòåñü íà ñàéòå æóðíàëà "Âîïðîñû ïñèõîëîãèè" â äåâÿòíàäöàòèëåòíåì ðåñóðñå (1980-1998 ãã.).  Çàãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà ðåñóðñà... 

188

 

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ

 

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EDUCATION OF ADULTS

U. N. Koulyutkin

Continuous education of adults is a process of permanent comparison of a personality's individual experience with the social experience reflected in science and culture, as well as in other people s experience. This process presupposes the instructional reconstitution of the problems which arise in adults' practical activity, and adults' participation in joint resolution of such problems from the point of theory. The goal of teaching adults is to develop dispositional and attitudinal structures of the personality, categorical thinking, and problem solving methodology wich arise in the social, professional and personal life of a grown-up adult.

OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE

A. V. Petrovsky, V. I. Slobodchikov, B. M. Bim-Bad, U. V. Gromyko

The article represents a conception of the development of educational science in conditions of social renewal and reconstruction of education.

The philosophical, methodological, and organizational foundations of educational science and practice are determined today by the radical change of social and cultural attitudes in the system of public education, i. e. the deliverance of education from the function of serving political structures, and its becoming a general factor of social life development. The article studies the major conditions of introdustion of pedagogy and psychology into the general development of science about human being, and into the complex knowlege about man.

CORRELATION OF INSTRUCTION, PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL PECULIART1ES OF THE RIPENING BRAIN

L. A. Venger, A. A. Ibatullina

Children of three, five and six years old were studied from the point of impact of instruction on psychic development and formation of a number of psychophysiological functions, according to the indices of EEG and evoked potentials (EP) of the brain.

Among the effects of instructions there were observed: improvement of the level of children's intellectual development; acceleration of functional growth of CNS according to EEG and  EP  indices;  improvement of cerebral mechanisms of orientational reactions, and of orintational research activity; improvement of neuro-cognitive activity.

The article contains the conclusion, that the guided impacts of environment related to formation of a specifically human experience have effect on formation of neurophysiological mechanisms of a number of the studied functions. An important role of individual differences observed from the early ages is noted in the article.

PERSONAL SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE SENIOR SCHOOL AGE:

INDICES, CATEGORIES OF SUCCESS

T. V. Snegireva

The article represents an approach to studying the personal self-determination (analogous to the notion of identity) in the senior school age. Repertoire formats technique was applied in the study. The values-and-time structure of Ego (continuity of the past, the present and the future, and their congruency to ideal Ego) and its special structure (correlation of Ego to other Egos) were taken as operational equivalents of the notion. The content dynamics of meaning concepts of those examined in regard to the discovered typical patterns of values-and-time structure of Ego. Basing of systems analysis of these variables some   criteria of productivity of the process of personal self-determination and its versions were identified.

 

189

 

STUDIES OF MOTIVATION OF ADOLESCENTS WITH THE ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR

N. N. Tolstykh, S. A. Koulakov

The usage of the motivation induction method (method d'induction motivationelle — MIM) of G. Nuttin allowed to detect specific deformation of the motivation sphere and the time perspective of the 15—17-years-old adolescents with the addictive behaviour (using alcohol drinks and toxic substances), which manifestos itself in the decrease of interpersonal relations, sexual need, increase of the personal independence motivation, protection of the Ego, the loss of the time perspective of the future and some other moments. The significance of the received data for the early diagnosis, correction and the preventive treatment in the work with such adolescents both in medical institutions and in the school psychological service system, is discussed.

CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFLECTION IN SIX-YEAR-OLDS

G. A. Tsukerman

The article consideres the possibility to develop six-year-olds by means of instructional activity. Two reciprocal streams of teaching are differentiated: development, and improvement, with their specific content and forms of cooperation of a student with the teacher and the peers. The determining reflection being the major new phenomenon   in the junior school age is considered as the criterium of child's development by means of instructional activity. With a method which identifies children's ability to determining reflection there were examinations made among six-year-olds who were taught by means of instructional activity. The data obtained allows to conclude that six-year-olds can be taught by means of instructional activity, the conditions of development of both six and seven-year olds being similar, and the conditions of their improvement having qualitative differences.

MUSICAL AND LINGUISTIC AB1L1TES AS A COMPONENT OF MUSICAL GIFTEDNESS

D. K. Kirnarskaya

Basing on the idea of the level structure of abilites, where each level serves as a ground for the development of abilities of a higher level, the author consideres that ear for music, a sense of rythm, and musical memory constitute the foundation of musical  giftedness. The first stage of it is formed by the musical and linguistic ability, and higher levels are structured upon it.

The author has developed a complex of musical problems to identify this ability. The problems lean upon two major kinds of thinking and verbal operations — selection, and combination. These problems are exercises on elementary composition, and they require a creative approach. In developing the problems the experimentator tried to limit the role of experience (knowledge, skills) in order to identify most clearly the musical and linguistic ability itself.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL, COND1T10NS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

U. A. Gribov

Introduction of creative self-expression into instructional activity of the traditional school shows psychological resistance in individuals, and group agression against creative self-expression, both of which grow with age. There is a need to design instructional and educational process on the grounds of harmonization of creative and reproductive foundations. This is impossible to achieve without overcoming the paradigma of the traditional pedagogy which are: monologic, and forming an authoritarian type of personality; intellectualistic, which absolutize the role of abstract, symbolic, and formal logic structures in human thinking; paradigm of inferiority of childhood's creative potential.

The article compares two strategies in scientific search, monoperspective, and multiperspective, the latter being much more effective because it provides for independent search, competition and intensive exchange of ideas and experience.

LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF ABILITY TO DETERMINE REGULARITIES IN CHILDREN OF SIX AND SEVEN YEARS OLD

I. P. Antonova

On the example of fulfilling three exercises — two arithmetical, and one to identify meaningful peculiarities (form and color) — the levels of development of ability to determine regularities are compared in six-year-olds of a Zero Grade at school, and of a senior group at Kindergarten. The post-testing was arranged a year later. The instruction according to a specially designed curriculum in the Zero Grade has led to the much higher development of ability to determine regularities in six-year-olds at school.

 

190

 

IN DEFENSE OF EMPIRISM

B. I. Kochubey

The article expresses an opinion that one of the major reasons of the poor condition of Soviet psychology is the crisis of empirical, mainly experimental, studies. Their status is extremely low in comparison with theoretical and some practical researches. The low culture of dealing with facts undermines the foundation of both psychological theory and practice, the first being transformed into the stage for ideological speculations, the latter — into a combination of methods to manipulate behavior. The article suggests some measures to improve the order of things in empirical psychology.

MOTIVATIONAL PROCESS STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY, AND TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY OF REQUIREMENTS

A. N. Zernichenko, N. V. Goncharov

A new approach based on the ideas of homology of fundamental regularities in self-organization in nature is proposed for psychology. By an exemplary model the article shows the natural correlation of energetical, informational and enthropical characteristics of human psychics. Basing on analysis of interrelation of common constituents of human activity, such as motives, attitudes and emotions, it is postulated that emotional reaction is but the reaction on ethropy changes in the processes of arising and satisfying the requirements. The proposed model gives a new light to the relation between vital and spiritual requirements of the personality.

ON ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

N. A. Batourin

Evaluation has not been yet presented as an independent issue in genera] psychology despite of a   significant role of assessment processes in the holistic psychic functioning of man, and despite of a wide introduction of evaluation phenomena in various spheres of human and social activity, and regardless of the great interest for studying evaluation in a number of psychological disciplines. The article gives an analysis of the essence of evaluation as a specific psychic phenomenon, and a detailed account of two basic classes of evaluation as well as proposes working definitions of assessment and evaluation.

S1TUATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATION AND PHENOMENON OF THE "SET"

I. V. Imedadze

The study assumes the motivation as a process of formation and transformation of the mindset. The author defends the thesis that the interruption of the need and the situation brings forth not the need, but emerging of a new-psychological reality reflected in the notion of the "set". In the motivational process the situational specification of the "set" takes place at two structural levels which relate to an imaginary and actual situations. The article also discusses the problem of the personal level of self-regulation in the view of the "set" theory.

AN EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING SPOUSAL UNFAITHFULNESS

A. N. Volkova

The article contains advices to practitioning psychologists in regard to their work with spousal couples who apply for consultation because of unfaithfulness of one of the spouses. Various types of jealousy and other behaviors are described.

METHOD OF THE "INCLUDED CONFLICT": EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNSELOR'S STRATEGIES

U. V. Baskina, A. S. Spivakovskaya

The article describes a method developed by the authors to diagnose the essentials of parents relations to the child and their awareness of the child's individuality. The method was built on the principle of projected incomplete stories which describe most typical conflict situations in families with children of 7 through 9 years of age. The stories were to be completed by the children and by the parents who wrote projections "for the children". The completed stories were compared and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The method has been successfully implicated to estimate effectiveness of psycho-corrective work of counselor with the "conflicted families".

ONTOGENETICAL PECULIARITIES OF MOVEMENT AS1MMETRY IN SCHOOL AGE

A. T. Bondar, N. A. Otmakhova, A. I. Fedotchev

An analysis of the simple movement bimanual reaction among 10 groups of students of different age (7—17 years old) allowed to find out significant reduction of delays of movement responses with the progress of age. This was also accompanied by a trend to the reduction of asimmetry of time of right and left-hand reactions. Both indices had fluctuating variables, very complicatedly interrelated, and changing synchronically until the age of 11—12, and in different directions after it. The study of the obtained data from the view of contemporary ideas about the functional interspheric brain asimmetry as well as about fluctuating processes in psychophysiological functions leads to an assumption that the age of 11—12 years is a critical period in the development of movement asimmetry in man.

 

191

 

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF UPTIDUTES

B. R. Kadyrov

An experiment was staged to study determinants of vocational uptitudes in 8-graders, as defended on the level of activation of brain hemispheres and latent periods of the visually evoked potenatials. The data has proven that the dynamics of psychic processes as well as high activeness of the left hemisphere predetermines the choice of the type of activity related to symbolic systems. Activeness of the right hemisphere provides for the individual' s preferences for activity with natural reality objects and interpersonal communication.

Artistic uptidutes were manifested in all subjects with high-level brain activation. Steady inclinations for specific types of activity in adolescents are sustained by the related neurophysiological determinants.

SHORT-TIME MEMORY AND MASTERING OF PRACTICAL SKILLS

E. V. Zaika, M. A. Kouznetsov

An experimental study with the use of an original method of measuring the volume of the short-time memory has discovered that the short-time memory provides for integration of separate operations into a holostic action. The volume of the short-time memory is related to the speed of formation of the action, and precision is connected with the duration of tests. The article formulates the notion of the short-time memory as an important factor of formation of practical skills by concentrated instruction.

FACTORS OF FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE IDENTIFICATION SKILLS IN INSTRUCTlON

A. Ya. Potapova

The matter of discussion is the issue of students ability  for  a  correct  and  rapid identification  different variations of specific representatives of an already familiar class of objects, particularly of the new and unusual representatives.

The author proves the necessity of developing a special mechanism of an immediate switch from the single-moment way of identification to the successive, and analytical one, which was used at the earlier stages of instruction. Two kinds of the method are represented.

PECULIARITIES OF DESIGNING VERBAL VISUAL CODES TO BILINGUAL OPERATORS

G. M. Zarakovsky, S. L. Ryzhakova, P. S. Tourzin

The article contains a review of practical issues of designing verbal visual codes to represent information for the bilingual operators.

Recommendations for developing a professional lexykon thesaurus have been elaborated to optimize bilingual operators activity taking into account possible extra-linguistic factors. A possibility of the use of abbreviations in this context is also discussed.

APPARATUS METHOD TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF COMMUNICATION OF A BOSS WITH SBORD1NATES

U. V. Sinyagin, V. F. Gousev

The major background of the apparatus method is an idea of interrelation between the reaction to color and emotional conditions. The device developed to be used in the method helps to register the emotinal component of the management activity, i. e. to detect changes of emotional conditions of a person before and after communication with the boss. Some recommendations are given in regard to management activity in public education.

A DEVICE TO REGISTER EYE MOVEMENT

S. K. Yefimov, D. G. Lebedev, N. S. Sourovicheva

A device designed to register eye movement by photooptical method allows to tune the system by a spacial change in the position of the light projector. The projector has only two interperpendicular panels. This type of light projector yields significant reduction of tuning time during the experiment.

AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGY IN 1989: A SNAPSHOT

J. Brebner, B. Fallon, J. Shaw, H. Winefield

The article informs of the current trends in psychological theory and applied research in Australia, and of the specific features of the Australian psychologists' activities. Among areas of their special research are social provisions for immigrants and Aborigen tribes.

An expanded review of university education, and psychological training, in particular, are represented. Separate sections of the article describe clinical psychology experiences, psychology s role in social welfare, educational and develormental psychology, ergonomics, and sports psychology.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL STUDIES ON INSTRUCTIONAL COOPERATION IN THE USA

T. K. Tsvetkova

The article contains a critical review of contemporary studies of instructional cooperation in American educational psychology. It gives an analysis of the main directions of the research and approaches towards experimental study and practical realization of cooperation as on of the ways to intesify learning.