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SUMMARIES
Developing of psychology in Republics of
Brief excursus into the history of psychological developments in the area
are followed by sketches of the present-day state of the discipline.
Basic lines of research are outlined. Works of particular researchers as well
as particular psychological institutions are presented in some detail in the
context of psychological studies performed in the Soviet and in the world
psychology.
The problem of organized work in the psychology of
management
Filippov A. V., Il'in G. L.
An attempt
is made to define the subject-matter of the psychology of management, and to
show the specificity of its basic notions. Particular attention is given to the
problem of individual socialization in the process of organized common work.
Three basic aspects of the problem are considered: socialization of individual
work, socialization of individual needs, socialization
of behavior in managerial situations. Particular tasks which arise before
managerial psychologists in the corresponding context are analyzed. The
principal idea of the suggested solution of the socialization problem consists
in the rejection of the "immediacy postulate" and its substitution
with the postulate of organized common activity as an intermediate link.
A concept of semantic-contextual learning in the
higher education school
Verbitsky A. A.
Psychological-pedagogical
aspects of the process of restructuring of the higher education system are
considered. A number of contradictions on the path from learning as a student
in a high school to independent professional work has
been revealed. A model of efficient transformation of the learning activity
into the professional one based on the principle of semantic-contextual
teaching is suggested. The model is illustrated by particular cases of
corresponding training.
Psychological specificity of the individual style in
teaching
Markova A. K., Nikonova
A. Y.
An approach
to the study of the individual style in teaching is outlined. Some features of
a teacher's educational activity concerning the content, results, and
formal-dynamic aspects of the latter are described and patterned with the view
to obtain a typology of individual styles in teaching. Comparative efficiency
of them is discussed. Practical recommendations to teachers as to how they can
immediately improve their teaching style are given.
Individual features of self-control in organization of
one's attention
Petrovsky V. A., Cherepanova E. M.
The problem
of self-control on the part of a subject over the content of his consciousness
is discussed. The authors are particularly interested in the age and
individual-typological factors contributing to the appearance of the "idea
about one's own idea" ("cogito"). The content and dynamics of
reflected and pre-reflection consciousness workings of a subject are analyzed in
this context.
Specificity of social responsibility in senior
schoolchildren
Sidorova T. N.
Social
responsibility is regarded by the author as an integral personality
characteristic, as a criterion of its social maturity. Its structure has been
shown to be a unity of the following three components: cognitive, motivational,
and behavioral. It has been experimentally shown that development of social
responsibility in schoolchildren is heavily influenced by their participation
in productive, socially useful work. Five variants of the structure of social
responsibility in senior schoolchildren are described.
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Development of learning-cognitive
operations in younger schoolchildren as a function of the type of their
collective activity.
Rivina I. V.
An
experiment has been performed with the view to reveal which modes of
organization of collective activity (in groups of 3 and 2 persons) are most
efficient from the point of view of development of systemic operations in
younger schoolchildren. Correspondingly four experimental situations have been
designed differing in the type of distribution of functions in the common
activity. It is shown that organization of the collective activity at the
content-object level produces the desirable effect in 78 % of cases.
Sex differentiation and interpersonal relations in a
group of children
Abramenkova V. V.
Social-psychological
aspects of the problem of sex differentiation in a group of children are
analyzed. The data concerning historical-cultural forms of the sex-role
behavior, evolution of real-life children's associations within the sex-age
structure of the society, and the interpersonal relations of contemporary boys
and girls in groups of the same sex, are drawn into the analysis of
regularities of development of children's behavior in correspondence with their
sex. A non-uniform determination of a child's attitude to his/her age-mate at
different ontogenetical levels (from
New developments in the personality of children during
the three years crisis
Guskova T. V., Elagina M. G.
A new
personality formation which develops at the stage of the three years crisis has
been studied. Given the name "achievement pride" it has three aspects
covering, correspondingly, the system of relations to the world of objects, to
other people, and to himself. In psychological terms the new development can be
interpreted as appearance of a new vision of himself - through the prism of
one's own personality, one's Ego, while the adult acquires the status of a
judge of the achievements. The new formation gives the start to development of
self-appraisal and of aspirations, and its appearance therefore is an important
stage in the growth of self-comprehension.
Specificity of pre-schoolers'
searching activity in solving visual-practical problems
Knyaseva O. L.
Ontogenetical aspects of the goal-setting process, and
searching activity regarded as one of the most important components of the visual-practical
activity have been experimentally studied. The data obtained in the study make
it possible to differentiate levels of organization and of semantic orientation
of practical behavior of 3-7-year-old children in problem situations. Direct and
indirect methods of teaching children to analyze problem situations have been
developed by the author as well as quantitative methods of assessing different
instructional devices used to promote development of the visual-figurative
thinking.
A way to use a computer in teaching general education
subjects
Sholomy К. М.
A
theoretical approach is presented which makes it possible to compile efficient
computer programmes for teaching general educational
subjects. The programmes are based on model
representations of the knowledge to be finally acquired (such models are in
fact sets of all possible problems and tasks corresponding to a particular
subject, and of their solutions). The models are used for making up training
exercises, performance of which would lead to development of the desired
knowledge. It is discussed at which stages the use of computers is especially
effective, and which forms of computerized instruction are counterproductive
and are therefore to be avoided. The approach is illustrated by a computer programme for teaching Russian in the V-th
form.
Psychological classification of needs
Kaverin S. B.
Classification
of needs (organized in the form of a matrix) is suggested with the view to
specify the structure and limits of the corresponding sphere of personality.
The classification is based on the activity and the subordination-domination
principles. Consecutive stages in the development of needs, starting from their
biological prototypes are described, as well as the logic of their transition up
the stages. Internal completion and sufficiency of the matrix is argued and
illustrated.
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Internal and external motivation for learning
Milman V. E.
Internal
motivation for learning is manifested in coincidence of subjective motives with
the social goals of the learning process; it is characterized by harmonious
correlation between components of the internal structure representing the
object content of the learning activity. External motivation is manifested in
the discrepancy of subjective motives with the social goals of learning which
is accompanied by corresponding inversions in the structure of the internal
representation of the learning activity. Determinants of both types of
motivation are discussed, as well as possible mechanisms and paths of their
development.
Effect of development of cognitive functions on psychophysiological indices of the orienting reaction in a
child
Ibatullina A. A.
Some
parameters of the base-line electrical activity of the brain of a 4-year-old
child and their changes under conditions of intensive intellectual training
concerning the ability for visual modelling have been
studied. It is shown that progressive development of the cognitive function
results in trasfer of the cerebral mechanisms of the
orienting reaction to a new and more progressive level of structural-functional
organization, and in more intensive orienting-researching activity on the part
of the child.
Structure of the pedagogical thinking in a teacher
Osipova E. K.
A possible
way to develop professional thinking in a future teacher on the basis of a
normative model of thinking of professional workers is described. Psychological
provisions for the proper control over the process of development of the
thinking are discussed, as well as corresponding instructional strategies,
training routines, and methods of evaluation of intermediate results.
Normative diagnosis of the level of a
learning-cognitive activity in a schoolchild
Muldarov V. K., Rubtsov V. V.
A method to
establish the state (level) of learning-cognitive operations in a child is
presented. The method is based on the study of the ability to analyze an object
as a system of interrelated elements, to perform reflexive consideration of
one's own actions, to restructure the operational schemes given by adults. It
is shown that fixation on the search of the essential property of the object (a
genesis principle), seeing a relation between object-content elements of the
operations comprise most important psychological
indicators of the developmental status of learning-cognitive operations in
schoolchildren.
Psychodiagnostics in Spain
Fernandes-Baljesteros R.
Theoretical
and applied aspects of the psychodiagnostical work in