189
SUMMARIES
Developing of psychology in the Kazakh Soviet
Socialist Republic and in republics of the Soviet Central Asia
A
summary article which includes material concerning particular republics
provided by different authors. Each one contains a historical excursus which relates
developments in the present-day scientific psychology with millenial traditions
of the pre-scientific lore. A number of important problems in psychology of
personality, for example, can be found in the so-called didactic poetry, in the
folklore, and in works of a number of thinkers and poets of the Orient.
Peculiar ways of development of the scientific psychology and of its
present-day state are shown by the authors. Positive aspects as well as
shortages and limitations peculiar to each particular republic are also
presented.
Psychological aspects of development of "the new
thinking" in the nuclear era
Andreeva G. M., Ageyev V. S.
An attempt
is made to establish and analyze some psychological characteristics of
"the new thinking" such as no-alternative decision-making, low risk
group decisions, necessity to develop conceding strategies in negotiations. A
task is set forth to restructure the system of concepts and values in large
masses of population in order to bring them closer to realities of the nuclear
age. Some practical aspects of psychological work concerning development of the
new thinking in different groups of people are discussed.
Possibilities and ways of developing a
general-psychological theory of personality
Petrovsky A. V.
A way of
developing a general-psychological theory of personality preceding
from a methodological, ontological, and conceptual model, based on the
activity-mediation principle is suggested.
Correlation between vocational self-determination and
peculiarities of self-regulation in senior schoolchildren
Prygin G. S., Stepansky V. I., Fariutin V. P.
Manifestations
of the autonomous (independent) and dependent style of self-regulation of 8-10
form schoolchildren (171 Ss) in such aspects of the occupational choice as 1)
knowledge of the nature and conditions of work, job requirements, forms and
periods of training, etc., 2) assuredness of the correctness of the choice, 3)
domination of "internal" or "external" criteria of the
choice, 4) independence of the choice, 5) occupational expectations. It has
been established that pupils with the autonomous style rather often proceed in
choosing a vocation from the analysis of their possibilities, interests, and
capacities, comparing them with the content and conditions of work, while those
with the dependent style tend to rely on the advice from relatives and the
people they know; much more often they make their choice under the influence of
haphazard factors.
Schoolchildren's motivation when passing through the
course "Fundamentals of information science"
Zemtsova L. I.
Psychological-pedagogical
approach to the substantiation of a computer-oriented course of the computer
science and of the corresponding methodology which has been experimentally
tested for 2 years is presented. Methods and procedures used, as well as
results achieved are given. Peculiarities of pupils' motivation, when passing
through the course and some determining factors established by means of a
correlational analysis are described.
Specificity of controlling behavior in learning
Bertzfai L. V.
Psychological
peculiarities of the controlling behavior in learning is described on the basis of D. B. Elkonin
and V. V. Davydov's theoretical approach. Results of an experimental study are
given which dealt with: a) functional role of control in the learning activity
of younger schoolchildren, b) methods which guarantee efficiency of the
controlling behavior while tackling an instructional task. A procedure is
described which not only makes it possible to register controlling acts of
preventive or reflective nature but allows one to understand their mechanism.
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Role of pre-schoolers' self-determination in their
play attitudes
Umanets L. I.
Regulative function of preschoolers' self-estimation and conditions of its
development in play activity have been experimentally studied. Effect of
an expected group estimation on self-estimation
comprises in senior preschoolers a psychological mechanism responsible for a
trend on their part to demand principal roles in real playing situations as
compared with imagined ones. Appearance of such dimensions of self-estimation
as reflexivity and realism correlates with the level of correspondence of
child's self-estimation to his estimation by the group. This in turn requires
better organization of the play and higher level of communication in play.
Peculiarities of pictorial activity of the first-year
pupils in the period of adaptation to the school life
Barkan A. I.
An
experimental method is suggested of assessing the degree of emotional
adaptation of a child to the school life. The method is based on a pictographic
test (described in the text). Choice of colours, subjects of the drawing, and
the summary length of lines produced by the child are used as indicators of his
emotional attitude to the school. Efficiency of the test was checked by the use
of other diagnostical procedures. Some individual cases are presented in
sufficient detail.
Promotion of musical abilities in younger
schoolchildren in the process of individual instruction
Naumenko S. I.
For the
author musical abilities are emotional-motor and not auditory in nature. Their
development therefore requires conditions which are characterized by purposeful
and simultaneous promotion of all corresponding structural components; thus it
must be problem-oriented. An important principle of promotion of musical
abilities consists in establishing the type of musicality of a child and
consequent selection of corresponding instructional methods. They are: conducting,
harmonizing, composing, playing in an ensemble, musical
playing-dramatizing, listening and active analysis of music, improvizing.
Perception and memory in tenth-grade pupils who
started studying at 6 and 7 years
Fedotchev A. I.
Perception
and memory were tested twice, in the I-st and in the 10-th grade, in the same
group of pupils who started studying at school either when 6 or 7 years old.
Although at the start they lagged behind by their mnemic and, especially,
psychophysiological indices, by the time of graduation the
"six-year-olds" are practically at the same level with the
"seven-year-olds'; at that they are somatically more sensitive to
informational load, and their achievements are markedly higher. Besides that in
the tenth-grade pupils who studied from 6 years involuntary memorization is
less dependent on the modality of material, and their retrospective
quantitative analysis of stimulation is more accurate. Results are discussed in
relation to the problem of correlation between the time of the beginning of
studying and the sensitive period of memory development when interrelation
between conscious and non-conscious mnemic activities of the brain is optimal.
Effect of an elective course on psychology on senior
schoolchildren
Gerasimova V. S.
Organization
of an experimental elective course on psychology for senior schoolchildren is
described. Practical aims of the course, its content and corresponding
methodical procedures, possible difficulties are
presented. Importance of psychological preparation of
schoolchildren, its role for proper development of personality, for promotion
of social activity in youth are stressed.
Business game as a means of activizing vocational
self-determination of schoolchildren
Priazhnikov N. S.
An
activizing effect of games, on development of vocational plans in
schoolchildren has been experimentally proved. A game "Vocational
consultation" is suggested which is modelled on the process of elaboration
of such a plan. Other vocational orientation games are described with the view
to show how they can be used in work with small groups and with a class as a
whole. Some problemic issues connected with the use of games are analyzed.
Individual style of activity, stability, and
changeability
Tolochek V. A.
Conventional
approach to the study of the individual style of activity (ISA) does not take
into account its dynamic properties. Background material for the report was
provided by the study of the ISA of judo wrestlers as determined by the
strength and excitation parameters of the nervous system. Three stable and two
changeable characteristics of the style have been revealed in the consequent
analysis; they are discussed in genetical and functional terms.
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Main stages in the development of educational
psychology in pre-revolutionary Russia
Nikolskaya A. A.
Three stages
in the development of educational psychology in pre-revolutionary Russia are
singled out: the first (50-70-ies of the XIX century) — theoretical grounding;
the second (70-ies — beginning of the XX century) — organization of concrete
studies, appearance of basic trends in research; the third (from the beginning
of the XX century until the October Revolution) — theoretical and
methodological studies, development of experimental institutions, first organizational
measures and establishment of first organizational bodies.
B. G. Ananiev as a researcher and an organizer of
science (to the 80-th anniversary)
Stepanova E. I.
The name of
an outstanding Soviet psychologist Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev (1907-1972) is
widely known both in this country and abroad. A distinctive characteristic of
his work as a researcher and organizer of science, experimenter and theorist,
creator of the
A procedure for diagnosis of attitudes in marriage
Levkovich V. P., Zuskova О. Е.
A
diagnostical procedure for the study of the Interpersonal Family Conflict is
suggested by the authors. Its application is illustrated by a case from the
authors' consulting practice. The procedure is based on a set of 5-points
scales which measure estimates, self-estimates and expectations of spouses in
the following spheres of family life: satisfaction of material and spiritual needs,
distribution of familial roles, organization of free time, attitudes to basic
spiritual and moral values.
Appearance of prerequisites of dialectical thinking in
pre-school age
Veraksa N. E.
Prerequisites
for appearance of dialectical thinking in preschool age have been studied.
Specificity of dialectical thinking consists in application of particular
dialectical mental operations (such as combination, mediation, reversal,
changing of alternatives, transformation) when dealing with contradictory situations.
Essential characteristic of these operations consists in the fact that they
require ability to operate with mutually incompatible relations. Some
experimental results are provided proving that preschool children can
successfully employ the operations.
Quality of simple and complicated forms of memory as a
function of age and sex
Konovalov V. F., Zhuravliov G. I.,
Manifestations
of simple and complicated forms of memory have been studied in persons of both
sexes at different age. It has been established that volume of the short-term
memory for numbers (simple memory) as well as the speed of solving logical
problems (complicated mnemic activity) depend on both age and sex of subjects.
5-10 years old girls are found to be better at memorizing numbers and they
solve logical problems better than boys of the same age. With age the picture
becomes reversed. Weakening of memory is observed in women at an earlier age
than in men. In both sexes mnemic activity is at its highest peak at the time
of graduation from school — at 15-17 years.
Use of the non-parametric statistics in
psychological-pedagogical studies
Dzhuzha N. F.
Non-parametric
statistical procedures are described, and their possible uses in the
psychological-pedagogical research are explained and illustrated. Particular
attention is given to the explanation of applied meaning of different criteria
used for assessment of statistical significance of the obtained quantitative
results.
Main trends in cognitive psychophysiology
Kochubey B. I.
Three basic
trends in Western psychophysiological studies, all belonging to the
theoretical-methodological framework of cognitive psychology, are briefly
reviewed. The first and the most extensive one is connected with the use of
evoked potentials for the study of mechanisms and stages in procession of
information in the brain. The second one belongs to the cognitive-psychological
paradigm which treats man's searching-orienting behavior as an elementary
psychophysiological model of cognition. The third one deals with the study of
cognitive mechanisms of stress-control and of the role of cognitive factors in
the psychophysiology of emotions. Advantages and limitations of the
cognitivistic paradigms which exist in psychophysiology are considered.