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MAN: WORK, AGE, EDUCATION
E. I. Stepanova
Individual development of a man proceeds
in time, and is manifested both in stable and changing age characteristics
promoted by social circumstances of his life, his education and leading
activities. Man's development still goes on after achieving the state of
adulthood, at different stages of maturity, and is subject to combined
influence of such factors as work, age, and education.
ON PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF PERSONALITY EDUCATION
A. A. Bodaliov
Principal lines of psychological research,
along which appearance of psychological fundamentals of personality development
is to be expected, are laid out. Some methodological and theoretical principles
to be taken into account in order to establish these fundamentals are
presented. Conceptual scope and ways of application and further elaboration of
such categories as "relation", "activity",
"communication", "zone of proximate development",
"educability and learnability",
"attitudes and sets", "directed mental development" are
discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the way they are to be related in an
integral conceptual system that would appear as a framework for the
psychological fundamentals of personality development and education to be
established.
HISTORICAL-EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO COMPREHENSION OF
PERSONALITY: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
A. G. Asmolov
Historical-evolutionary approach to the
study of personality reveals necessity of the phenomenon of personality as an
obligatory condition of the progressive historical changeability of the
society. Mechanisms of interaction and of mutual transition in sociogenesis of both adaptive stereotyped attitudinal and
non-adaptive productive outputs of activity at the personality level are
outlined. These two types of mechanisms represent evolutionary trends for
maintenance and transformation of systems. Individualized personality as a
subject of activity performs in the evolutionary process the function of
revealing creative potentialities of cultural developments. Further elaboration
of the approach requires transfer from the analysis of general-systemic
regularities of the personality sociogenesis to the
study of concrete-historical mechanisms of personality socialization in three
complementary spheres: within different social-economical structures and
ethnical cultures, and in individual life-stories.
FORMATION OF MORAL SENTIMENTS IN CHILDREN WITHIN THE
FAMILY
G. M.
Breslav
Psychological fundamentals of moral
education within the family are presented. Specific, and inalienable, role of the
family in development of psychologically and morally sound personality is
emphasized; the basis of the latter is shown to be laid in the pre-school age
in the form of emotional decentration and of positive
emotional attitude to one's dues. Recognition of moral education as the most
central educational task requires from the family not only to reject the traditional
idea of "educatedness" as a normobliging and adaptive behavior but also to address itself
to emotional bases of the pro-social motivation. The latter can not be developed
apart from the most pleasant and interesting for the child life-activities saturated
with the morally significant meaning. For a pre-school child games based on
every-day and fairy plots can serve as such. Emotional comfort is by all means
one of the basic, background prerequisites for efficient family education.
TYPES OF LEARNING OPERATIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CREATIVE THINKING IN YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
E. D. Telegina, V. V. Gagai
Results of an experimental-psychological
study of a system of learning operations affecting the thinking process in younger
schoolchildren
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and, in particular, determining creative character of the former are
presented. Reproductive activity has been shown to occupy principal place in
this system; this activity though obligatory and important basically determines
however the processes of acquisition of knowledge, skills and habits, and
mental operations underlying the ability to think logically. Productive and
assessing-controlling behavior is present in the learning activity of younger
schoolchildren to a considerably lesser extent. As a result "unequal"
conditions for development of various aspects of thinking are provided.
Deficiency of productive operations is unfavourable
for appearance of such processes as the ability to put forward new goals,
elaborate plans to achieve them, transform the initial set of conditions, etc.
Finally the problem of how to promote planning in the learning activity of
younger schoolchildren is discussed.
INQUISITIVE ACTIVITY IN THE FORM OF QUESTIONS IN DIFFERENT
AGE PERIODS
N. B. Shoumakova
Results of an experimental study of the
verbal inquisitive activity (questions concerning pictorial material) in preschoolers,
schoolchildren, and adults are presented. Attention has been basically given to
the appearance of the orientational function of
questions, i.e. of the ability on the part of a child to put questions
concerning unknown elements in the pictured problem situation with the
intention to break the problem down, to study it and to restrict the scope of
search for an answer. Some sensitive periods in the development of the ability
have been established (between 6-7 and 8-9, and between 11-12 and 14-15 years
for different aspects of questions), as well as some qualitative peculiarities
and trends.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NOTION OF MAGNITUDE
B. D. Elkonin
Some psychological conditions of
introduction of the notion of magnitude in teaching are dealt with. Proceeding from analysis of mathematical concepts of
magnitude the author sets forth a hypothesis that this notion is semiotic in
nature as are the operations operative in instructional introduction of it.
Only within this framework complementarity of operations
of transformation and comparison (which comprise the basis of the notion of
magnitude) is present in children's problem solving. Results of experimental
approbation of methods designed to establish correspondence of children's
activity to the nature of the notion of magnitude are given (the methods are
based on reversal of the objects comparison task).
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MENTAL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMATION
IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
E. B. Shiyanova
The process of development in
schoolchildren of mental operations underlying the process of transformation of
algebraical expressions has been studied under
conditions of experimental teaching. A programme
produced for this aim comprized theoretical
information on general principles of the algebraical
transformation and a system of didactical tasks included in order to organize the process of learning those principles. It has
been possible as a result to increase the generality, flexibility, and reflectedness of corresponding mental operations, to
promote higher independence of thinking, to stimulate self-control and interest
in the subject. At the same time stable individual differences between the
children have been observed along a wide range of the experimental material.
Some explanations of the phenomenon are provided.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF RATIONALIZATION OF A COLLECTIVE
COMPUTER SYSTEM
L. P. Gourieva, S. Yu. Kapraltchenko, M. N. Kiosa, О. К. Tikhomirov
The needs for improved temporal
characteristics of services provided on a shared-time basis by a computer
system attached to the
ROLE OF TEACHERS IN SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN AN
ADOLESCENT AND HIS CLASSMATES
V. N. Lozotseva
Troubles in an adolescent's relations with
his classmates, breaking-off of his formal and personal contacts with them may
have many-sided negative consequences for development of his personality. The
article deals with the problem of control and settlement of conflicts connected
with rupture of interpersonal relations between adolescents. Concrete examples
taken out of school-life experience are used to demonstrate both erroneous,
inefficient methods of exerting influence on inimical adolescents, and possible
constructive ways to deal with such conflicts. Principal psychological, and
typically adolescent, factors instrumental in production of a chain of
antagonistic interactions between an adolescent and his milieu are listed and
discussed.
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COMPREHENSION OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL BY
SCHOOLCHILDREN
Z. I. Kalmykova
Psychological prerequisites for
comprehension of the instructional material presented by a teacher or contained
in a textbook are discussed. Comprehension is regarded as an active cognitive
activity at the core of which there is an interplay of
cognitive and mnemic processes concerned with
establishment of meaningful connections between a new information and an
already available knowledge used as a basis for introduction of the new one.
Two types of instructional material: theoretical and concrete-practical are charachterized, and conditions for efficient comprehension
of them are described (actualization of basic knowledge, optimal relationship
between generalizing and specifying elements of the material, introduction of problematicity, etc.).
PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOCIAL STEREOTYPES
V. S. Ageyev
Some theoretical-methodological problems
connected with the study of social stereotypes in psychology are considered.
The necessity to distinguish between social and psychological functions,
regularities, and determinants of social stereotypes is argued. Regularities of
the very process of stereotypification are assumed to
be the specifically psychological subject-matter. The process is understood as
a universal mechanism of inter-group perception which occurs at every level of
group interaction and performs an objectively necessary function of promoting
the inter-group differentiation. The assumptions are illustrated by the data
obtained in two empirical studies where in particular some content, structural,
and dynamic aspects of the stereotypification have
been dealt with. "Negative initial self-assessment", a new phenomenon
first registered in the above studies, which characterize the beginning of the stereotypification process is described.
EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT STYLE ON THE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL
CLIMATE IN A COLLECTIVE
N. M. Fateyev
Social-psychological climate in a
collective is described as a hierarchical and highly complicated feed-back
system of interactions between its different levels. Relative effect of
particular factors, especially of those related to managerial activity, in
different kinds of collectives has been studied. Some methodological
distinctions useful for improvement of the general management style and for
promotion of higher efficiency of corresponding collectives are presented.
SOME PROBLEMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF
SPORTSMEN
V. M. Melnikov,
V. N. Nepopalov
Any human activity, and in particular the
sporting activity, requires corresponding psychological preparation. Some
difficulties with acception of the necessity of this
kind of preparation are described; practical examples of such preparation,
reasons why it does not always find place in the training process, as well as
some recommendations as to how to find ways out are given.
SENSE AS A PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSEMANTICS
G. A. Smirnov
Relations between the speech semantics and
the sphere of speech application are considered. The experimentally obtained
data enables the author to differentiate between the notion of meaning and the
notion of sense (as a system of transformations of meaning functionally
determined by the latter). Different orders of sense (information) derived from
meaning by different functional structures are analyzed, and a conclusion is
made about the necessity to postulate existence of functionally different types
of communication. Study of systems of the meaning transformation functionally
determined by the given text and indicative of the type of sense objectively functioning
in the system of communication comprizes the
subject-matter of the functional psychosemantics.
PSYCHOSEMANTIC STUDY OF ACTUALIZATION OF SOCIAL-ROLE
STEREOTYPES
V. S. Sobkin, A. G. Shmeliov
Results of a study of negative examples of
social behavior (characters from a classical Russian satirical comedy "Revizor") are described. Experimental-semantical procedures have been used in combination with
analysis of art-critical literature dedicated to the play. Subjects (both
spectators and performers of the corresponding roles) were to assess similarity
of 11 main characters. Computer-established factors have been found to closely
correspond to the art-critical data. It has been also experimentally shown that
discrepancies in statements of performers are to be explained by a specific
role position in relation to the general system of characters in the play. The
study throws some light onto social-psychological mechanisms responsible for
generation and undesirable stability of negative stereotypes of social
behavior. Theatrical art, as a form of social-psychological
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training of communication and behavior, is shown to be an important means of
moral education and of psychological-pedagogical correction of social behavior.
A STUDY OF THE INTERHEMISPHERIC INTERACTION IN
CHILDREN ENGAGED IN MNESTIC ACTIVITY
V. F. Konovalov,
Role of the cerebral hemispheres in
memorization, reproduction, and recognition of word and numbers has been
studied on 7—8 years old children. It has been found that functional asymmetry
of the hemispheres is more pronounced in girls under conditions of lateral
perception of words; in boys this phenomenon corresponds to the lateral
perception of numbers. In boys as well as in girls recognition was more
efficient as compared with reproduction only in relation to words. Efficiency
of recognition of numbers after singular lateral presentation was the same as
efficiency of reproduction under similar conditions.
EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF AUDITORY STIMULI OF DIFFERENT
INTENSITY
T. A. Ratanova
Subjects with strong and weak nervous
systems were to provide verbal emotional assessment (of the type: indifferent,
pleasant, unpleasant, very unpleasant, unbearable, painful) of auditory stimuli
of different intensivity in combination with
arranging them on a quantitative (numerical) scale. Results of the study prove
the hypothesis that in persons with strong nervous system arousal provoked by
strong stimulation is higher and reaches therefore the pain and discomfort
thresholds earlier as compared with persons with weak nervous system.
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN VARIABILITY OF MAN'S PSYCHODYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS WITH AGE
К. В. Boulayeva, T. A. Pavlova
Increased mean values and decreased
variability of the speed characteristics of intellectual activity studied in
the reported experiment in children raised by parents with higher level of
education allow the authors to assume that further upsurge of social-economical
and cultural standards of life of the Soviet people will result in increased
intellectuality of the rising generation.
MUSICAL PERCEPTION AS A MEANS
OF STUDYING A SCHOOLCHILD'S PERSONALITY
V. I. Petroushin
The process of perception of music is
considered from the point of view of projective psychology. Musical percepts of
schoolchildren belonging to two different social groups (delinquents and pupils
from ordinary schools) have been compared. Distinct differences in images,
plots, and associations provoked in subjects of these two groups can be
observed. While those of delinquents are characterized by all kinds of aggressive
and sexual tendencies, in sufficiently well adapted socially schoolchildren the
images they experience typically have social orientation. The projective
technique appears promising for the study of the relationship between the
structure of personality and peculiarities of individual musical percepts.