173
PEDAGOGICAL THEORY OF THE CHILDREN
COLLECTIVE: URGENT PROBLEMS
L. I. Novikova, A. G. Kourakin
New
data obtained in social-psychological and educational practice show that
certain points in the recently developed pedagogical theory of the children collective
have to be made more precise. Improvement of the theory requires combined
efforts by pedagogues and psychologists in resolving such problems as: explicit
definition of the term "educating collective" and making the latter
the fundamental notion in the existing system of terms used to describe the
children collective; better understanding of the goal-setting processes in
development and functioning of children collectives, as well as the place and
role of mass, group and individual components in their structure; trends in the
differentiation of children collectives; nature of integral influences on a
particular child in the collective, relation between the tendencies on the part
of the child to set himself apart and to identify with the collective; optimal
structure of control over children collectives.
THE PRINCIPLE OF WORD-SIGN
SIGNALLING, VERBAL COMMUNICATION, AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
N. I. Tchouprikova
Analysis
of optimal conditions for the exchange of objective information is concluded in
the principle of word-sign signalling. The principle assumes analytical
fragmentation of reality into particular features and relations.
Correspondingly primary stage in child's mastering of language is regarded as a
period of extensive fragmentation of perceptual images with further linking of
the fragments with different words; this stage is therefore also a period of
development of the ability to integrate corresponding elements into the acts of
judgement. The position presented in the paper is considered against
theoretical views of B. W. F. Gegel, A. Potebnya, I. M. Setchenov, I. P.
Pavlov, K. Goldstein, and some contemporary theories concerning the role of the
word in mental development.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPEECH
SEMANTICS
T. N. Oushakova, N. D. Pavlova,
Semantics
of speech has been considered a particular field not yet represented in either
semiotics or semantics. Its subject-matter is different from that of the
psychology of thinking and may be defined "the functioning of speech signs
as determined by man's psychological and psychophysiological
peculiarities". The authors present in a systematic way basic results
obtained in psychological-semantical studies as well as their own approach to
corresponding issues.
The
article includes the following sections: 1) meaning of the word, 2) word
meaning as a system, 3) the subjective aspect of the word meaning, 4)
expression of meaning in sentences, 5) semantics of the text. It is shown that
in semantic studies psychology shares with semiotics (and linguisticsl a number
of semiotic problems and notions. Correspondingly each section contains
comparison of semiotic and psychological approaches, with particular accent on
the specificity of the latter.
TEACHER'S ESTIMATION BEHAVIOR AND
SELF-APPRAISAL IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
N. Yu. Maksimova
Teacher's
estimation behavior is both an important and delicate means of conveying
positive social experience to the schoolchildren and a significant regulator of
development in them of adequate self-appraisal. An experimental study has been
performed which helps to establish proper relations between the above processes
and to reveal corresponding mechanisms and factors. Formulas for measuring
discrepancy between child's real and assumed
personality characteristics, for general group estimation of a personality, and
for integral self-estimation by the adolescent are suggested.
174
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED BY SCHOOLCHILDREN FOR ORGANIZATION OF COMMON
ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF LOOKING FOR A PROBLEM SOLUTION
V. V. Rubtsov, R. Ya. Guzman
Psychological
regularities in the organization of common activity connected with looking for
a solution of an academic problem requiring to find
the trajectory of a complex movement are considered. Orienting behavior of
children has been of particular interest. Two groups of orienting operations,
each with a specific object, have been established in 5 experimental series
which required different division and re-combination of individual activities.
The first group was guided by the task of looking for a correspondence between
the result of the common activity and the given form of the trajectory, the
second — by the very task of finding the proper method of coordination of
shared operations.
EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF VERBAL
INTERACTION
A.A. Rean
Peculiarities
of the teacher — student interaction during lecture-delivering have been
studied. Experimental data are presented which reveal dependance of the
structure of verbal interaction on the level of a lecturer's art. Modification
of Flander's procedure performed by the experimenter provided him with a
significantly more informative analytical tool to be used in the study of
verbal interaction.
PERCEPTION BY LEADERS OF THE
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN CLASS
T. Aunapuu
Peculiarities
of perception by leaders of the interpersonal relations between their
class-mates are described. Differences in perception between the business-type
and emotional leaders, as well as differences in the accuracy of perception of
interpersonal features between high-status and low-status pupils are also
presented. Some methods of increasing the status of a pupil in a collective of
senior schoolchildren are recommended.
HEAD OF THE FAMILY: RECOGNITION
MOTIVATION
N. F. Fedotova
Proceeding
from the assumption that under conditions of democratization of attitudes
within the family and of equal chances to get the leading role in the family
the dominating position in the family structure is determined not so much by
individual qualities of the spouses as by relative distribution of them in the
wife and in the husband, the author considers a number of intrafamily issues
making the main emphasis on the motivation underlying recognition of the
supremacy in the family.
EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE, COMPENSATION,
AND COMPENSATORY RELATIONS BETWEEN ABILITIES
Ye. P. Ilyin
For
the first time the problem of the ability to make compensations in the activity
has been considered in a systematic way. Classification of
different kinds of compensation with analysis of their contribution to the
efficient activity are presented. Two aspects of the role of
compensation are singled out: social and psychophysiological. It is shown that
two notions — "compensation" and "compensatory relation"
must not be identified.
SIMULATION OF DECISION-MAKING IN
AUDITORY DETECTION
Yu. A. Indlin
A
decision-making model based on the principle of self-control which envisages
comparison of the running rate of responses with the probability of appearance
of the signal as well as consecutive correction of the decision-making
criterion after each response has been tested. Computer-made calculations show
that subjects' activity depend on a number of non-sensory parameters —
especially when sensory space is limited; this dependance is so heavy that it
is desirable not to use the "Yes — No" procedure in experiments where
signals have to be detected against continuous background noise. It has been
shown that proper choice of the model's parameters provides good agreement
between results of the psychoacoustical and computerized experiments.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF
PERCEIVED VISUAL STIMULI: TWINS STUDY
T. G. Ivoshina
Main
results of a study of the nature of inter-individual variability of
psychophysiological correlates of the simplest kinds of visual perception are
reported. The results have been obtained by means of registration of evoked
potentials.
175
BRAIN'S FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH IN CHILDREN
T. P. Khrisman, V. D. Yeremeyeva,
Functional
asymmetry of the brain as measured by indices of the leading arm (8 tests),
leg, and eye has been studied on 217 healthy 2— 7 years old children and on 110
5—6 years old children with speech disturbances. It has been found out that
functional asymmetry is already present by the age of 2. Disturbance of speech
and speech-related functions results in disturbed development of
righthandedness. When speech disturbances are relatively gross the motor
asymmetry is less pronounced. It is assumed that lateralization of speech and motor functions in ontogenesis is a closely interrelated
process.
AN APPARATUS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL
STUDIES
A.G. Drizhika, A. V. Agranovsky, 1.
V. Simanovitch
The
mechanism designed for measuring man's complex responses allows a researcher to
register parameters revealing processes of mental regulation. It is achieved by
means of a physiologically regimented procedure of developing in subjects some
complicated motor skills in the absence of conscious control over the overt activity.
USE OF THE IMAGE RECOGNITION
ALGORYTHMS IN PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS
Sh. A Gouberman, L. T. Yampolsky
Three
types of diagnostics are distinguished: technical diagnostics, medical
diagnostics, and psychodiagnostics. They differ by the type of objects and the
nature of features with which they deal. A formal attempt is made to outline
the psychodiagnostical problem, and a non-computer procedure for solving it is
suggested. The procedure is illustrated on a sex diagnosis problem.
TYPOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES IN THE
WORK STYLE OF LEADERS DIFFERING IN THE EFFICIENCY
В. В. Kossov
Expert
estimation of the work style of leaders based on 16 scales make
it possible to reveal some typological differences between them. Structural
patterns of the corresponding data in efficient leaders differ from those in
less efficient ones. A "differential standard" to be used for
practical psychodiagnostics of efficient leaders is suggested. The data
obtained in practical approbation of it have been supported by results of
application to the same leaders of other procedures which were earlier
suggested by the author: a procedure for self-analysis of the individual style
of activity, and a procedure for self-analysis of difficulties in entering into
the leader's position.
PERSONALITY TRAITS AND FIXED SET
V. G. Norakidze
The
concept of a personality trait is discussed in the light of D. N. Uznadze's
theory of set. It is shown that basic determining characteristics which are
attributed in the psychology of personality to traits (constancy, stability,
identity, and so on) are all functions of set, in particular of fixed set.
Formation of a trait can be explained through regularities of evolvement,
establishment and current dynamics of the fixed set.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
STUDIES FOR EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (DISCUSSION)
Discussion
of the problem "Importance of psychologicai studies for educational
psychology" which took place in the