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SUMMARIES
К. MARX' THEORETICAL HERITAGE AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Yu. A. Sherkovin, T. V. Yevgenieva
K. Marx' theoretical
heritage is analyzed within the framework of Marxist psychology of politics.
Such issues as the personality and politics, the structure of revolutionary
activity, political consciousness and view of the world, political typology of
personalities, political control, class, national, and religious psychology in
relation to politics — are considered. A conclusion is made that K. Marx' ideas
may serve as a methodological basis for concrete studies of a number of
political-psychological problems which is of great practical significance for
the communist and revolutionary movement, for providing proletariat and his
parties with the knowledge that can be used in the political and ideological
struggle with the class enemy.
SOME TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF
NATURAL BASES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
E.
A. Goloubeva
A hypothetical model is
suggested which represents the integral wholeness of a personality's structure
and individuality proceeding from the position of unity of the innate and the
acquired, of the natural and the social. The community of such substructures as
motivation, temperament, abilities, and character has been established as well
as their correlations with the fundamental personality trend. Both the
wholeness and the community are determined by two-way real links between the
substructures mediated by systemic factors: emotionality, activity,
self-regulation, and drives.
Most global natural
prerequisites of motivation, temperament, abilities, and character are
presented, and some prospective lines of analytical study of them by
differential-psychological and psychophysiological means are outlined.
PSYCHOSEMANTIC STUDY OF MOTIVATION
V.
F. Petrenko
Theoretical-experimental
analysis of the psychosemantic approach to the study of motivational structures
of personality is presented. Ascription of motives by student subjects to
different deeds taken from students' life has been studied. Categorical
structure of the individual mind determining perception and evaluation of deeds
has been modelled in the form of subjective semantic spaces. General principles
of reconstruction of semantic spaces which structurally organize motives and
deeds are considered and realized on the basis of data obtained on a particular
subject. Role of psychosemantic methods is discussed against other methods used
for the study of the personality.
CORRELATION OF SOCIALLY USEFUL ACTIVITY AND
COMMUNICATION IN ADOLESCENTS
G.
V. Kaznova
Three forms of communication
in adolescents: intimate-individual, group-spontaneous, and society-oriented — have
been studied by means of a complex procedure comprising interviews,
observation, questionnaries, quantitative-qualitative analysis of compositions,
experimental situations, etc. The data obtained prove that participation of
adolescents in a purposefully designed system of socially useful activity
determines their attitude to different forms of communication and provides for
a possibility to form in them society-oriented attitudes.
SOME ISSUES IN THE STUDY AND PREDICTION OF
VERBAL ABILITIES IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
Z.
Novak
An experimental procedure
for prediction of the level of verbal development in 3-rd form schoolchildren
is presented. The procedure makes it possible to single out local components of
a more general ability which lag behind, and select individually compensatory
measures. Effect of social conditions on a child's verbal development has been
revealed. The procedure is meant to be applied as a particular development
test.
PSYCHOLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR THE TEACHER
Yu. N. Kouliutkin
Some measures to be taken in
order to increase practical efficiency of the psychological knowledge acquired
in the system of preparation of future teachers are discussed. Further detailed
and multi-disciplinary studies of the teacher's job are needed — because only
along this way it would be possible to specify exact requirements to the
content of the psychological preparation of teachers and to find out adequate
methods of that.
THE PROBLEM OF FORMING IMAGINATION IN
BLIND-DEAF-AND-DUMB CHILDREN
А.V.
Souvorov
Imagination is presented as
a mental activity underlying the ability to produce images of any situation up
to the image of the world as a
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whole. Imagination is developed in the process of every activity, and the
more completely the activity encompasses the situation the better is the
result. Apart from the goal-directed activity of the child himself, of much
importance in the promotion of imagination is the participation of an intimate
adult who cooperates with the child and controls him. Imagination can be
developed only in the process of developing the mind and the personality of the
child in general by means of introducing him to different sorts of man's
activities (especially artistic ones). In addition to the principle of totality
(from the total to its parts) organization of imagination must be based on
positive emotions which result from successful performance and from the joy of
communicating with the beloved adult.
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE EDUCATIONAL-CREATIVE ACTIVITY
OF THE STUDENT OF A PERFORMING ART IN A
G.
V. Tarasov
The data obtained in
interviews with students of the
EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING A
PSYCHOLOGICAL-PEDAGOGICAL CONSULTATION
S. G. Shouman
In the city of
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE FIRST YEARS OF
MARITAL LIFE
Ye. S. Kalmykova
Material obtained in
consulting of divorcing spouses is presented. Important role of the motivation
behind the decision to get married for the consequent development of attitudes within
marriage has been established. The problem of family leadership appears to be
one of the most critical for the newlyweds. Disagreements about roles to be
played in the family and about family values can also play decisive role. The
problem of loss of love is discussed as well.
DETECTION OF THE OSCILLATORY MOVEMENT
E.N.
Dzhafarov, Yu.K.
The kinematic model
suggested by the authors seems to be the most general conceptual tool for
describing the absolute movement detection. It becomes urgent therefore to
specify through experiments the scope of its applicability. The data presented
in the paper allows to state with some caution that applicability of the model
is determined only by those factors which limit accuracy of localization in the
fore-front space of the moving object.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREDICTIVE ACTIVITY IN
PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN, ADULTS, AND SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
А.Yu.
Akopov
Results of children of
pre-school age tested by a method of "play at guesses" were compared
with data obtained on healthy adults, and on adult subjects affected with
schizophrenia and oligophrenia. It has been revealed that part of subjects of
all groups notice sequences of signals in the experimental cyclic environments.
Stochastic environments were found to provoke the effect of levelling off the
rates of predictions. It is assumed that man relies in all his milieus not on
the rate but on the sequence of signals. This capacity connected with the
ability to store behavioral information starts developing from 6 years of age.
Behavior of children aged 4—7 and of oligophrens in all milieus is typically
alternating.
CONCERNING SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN
NEIGHBOURING SENTENCES IN A TEXT
L.P.
Doblayev
The study has revealed
double nature of semantic relations between nenghbouring sentences. On the one
hand, sentences contain syntactical features determining their semantic
dependance on other sentences, on the other hand — there is a structure of
meaning in sentences which makes some of them logically indispensable, and some
— not. When the dispensable sentences are extracted from the text, the content
of the latter may become less rich, while the syntactical and logical structure of the text do not suffer. It is important to
learn therefore how such reduction of texts effects understanding of them by
readers and in what way it may be used for making synopses and abstracts.
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PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE
"BIOLOGICAL CLOCK" IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
V.F.
Konovalov, Zh.I. Bourkovetskaya
An experimental procedure
involving mono-and binaural listening to tones presented with 15-seconds
intervals has been performed on groups of younger and senior schoolchildren
with the view to compare the degree of participation of the left and right
brain hemisphere in functioning of the "biological clock". In 7—8
years old boys reproduction of the inter-stimulus
pause has been accompanied by the binaural effect and by the effect of the left
ear. In girls of the same age the monaural effect is present. A monaural effect
independent of age is also characteristic of 16—17 years old subjects.
STORING OF DATA IN THE LOGICAL MEMORY
Ye.F.
Ivanova, Ye.V. Zaika
A hypothesis that persons
using different methods of thinking when trying to remember particular material
should differ in the way this material is kept in their logical memory — has
been experimentally proved. Two types of thinking (theoretical and empirical)
have been particularly cross-studied in this respect in a number of aspects.
Significant differences between the two allow the authors to assume existence
of two corresponding types of the intellectual-mnemic activity: theoretical and
empirical.
ON THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF
PERSONALITY (MATERIALS OF A DISCUSSION)
А.G.
Asmolov
An attempt is made to
constitute the subjectmatter of the psychology of personality. A new
determinational scheme of personality development is introduced, which
underlies that social environment and individual properties by themselves can
not pre-determine personality, they can influence it
only after having been transformed within the goal-directed acting with
objects. The latter is considered the system-setting principle and the moving
force behind the development of personality. Different levels of a
personality's engagement in the system of social relations have been
established, and the requirements to units to be used in the analysis of the
personality structure are stated.
ON STUDIES OF COMMUNICATION PERFORMED IN
PSYCHOLOGY FROM V. N. MYASITSCHEV'S POSITION
А.A.
Bodaliov
Current issues in the study
of communication are outlined proceeding from V.N. Myasishchev's concept of
this process. Myasishchev who understood communication
as inter-personal interaction of individuals, singled out three aspects of the
process: cognition by the communicating people of each other, relations between
them, and the way they treat each other. The author systematically considers
how this scheme can and should be used in the scientific study of laws and
mechanisms of communication by every subdivision of psychology which is
currently engaged in the corresponding research.
COMPUTER VISION AND THE THEORY OF GESTALT
Zh.
A. Gouberman
Some problems arising in
realization of a Gestalt-approach to procession of pictures by a computer are
dealt with. An algorythm is described based on the main principle of the
Gestalt-approach to one- and two-dimensional pictures: non-local nature of
objects' detection. Generalization of principles underlying the algorythm makes
it possible to analyze in a constructive way some traditional problems of
Gestalt-psychology (perception of point sets, cluster analysis, etc.) and
specify links between Gestalt-psychology and the theory of systems.
ROLE OF V. PREYER'S WORK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CHILD'S PSYCHOLOGY
(to the 100-th year
since publication of V. Preyer's "soul of the child")
А.A.
Nikolskaya
Basic lines of research in
psychology of the child which developed in this country after publication of V.
Preyer's book "Soul of the child" with its accent on the necessity of
objective observation of child's development are considered. Evaluation of V.
Preyer's views by Russian authors is presented. Original contribution of
Russian researchers to elaboration of theoretical and methodological issues in
the field of the psychology of children is described.