172
SUMMARIES
RESULTS
AND PERSPECTIVES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE
V. V. Davydov
The
article provides a concise review of general theoretical results of the
scientific activities that have been going on in the Institute since the
establishment of the
Future
lines of the Institute's scientific activity represent psychological ideas developed
within different approaches formed on a common basis of Marxist methodology. A
number of studies performed now in the Institute (in the field of general
psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology,
psychophysiology, and psychology of management) seek to specify those ideas.
The author describes also the content of the above studies as well as the
primary problems the Institute will try to solve in the coming decades.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING THE HUMAN OPERATOR TO BE READY FOR ACTIONS UNDER EXTREME
CONDITIONS
G. T.
Beregovoi, V. A. Ponomarenko
The
article provides a psychological analysis of emergency situations. A conceptual
model of teaching is suggested which assures development in the human operator
of the ability to act under extreme conditions. Examples and experimental data
concerning the pilot's behavior in real-life situations of the above type are
presented.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF THE PRESENT-DAY ADOLESCENT
Some
psychological peculiarities of adolescence as a particular phase in the
psychological maturation (the phase of transition from childhood to adulthood)
are considered. The author presents major developmental trends in adolescence,
defines basic problems which have been studied in the experiments summed up in
the paper, and suggests future lines of studying the principles of education of
10—16 years olds. Main attention is given to the problem of understanding the
trends in the development of personality in the present day adolescents, as
well as to the peculiarities of their self-consciousness and of their social activity.
DEVELOPMENT
OF THE CAPACITY FOR MENTAL BEHAVIOR IN I-Х GRADE SCHOOL-CHILDREN
A. Z. Zak
The paper
contains results of an experimental study of the capacity for mental behavior
in 7—17 years old school-children. Main components of the latter have been
established (mental analysis of conditions of a problem, finding out and
designating relations between objects, planning of the decision, and comprehending
corresponding ways and methods), as well as the levels of its development
(initial, partial, total). A procedure called by the author "a play of
repetition", designed as a means to reveal the level of development of the
capacity in a group experiment, is described in sufficient detail. It has been
established that the capacity develops in three stages: the first one ends by 9
years, the second occupies the period from
MEMORY
AND PECULIARITIES OF GOAL-SETTING IN THE LEARNING ACTIVITY OF YOUNGER
SCHOOL-CHILDREN
N. V. Repkina
The paper
presents results of an experimental study of memory and goal-setting in third
grade school-children. Some conclusions are made concerning conditions
facilitating development of memory, and concerning correlations between
voluntary and involuntary memory, between memory and thinking, memory and
capacity for goal-setting.
INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONS IN YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE AND THEIR DEPENDANCE ON TEACHING METHODS
A. K. Dusavitsky
A study of
interpersonal relations as they develop in younger school-children under
conditions of learning is described. It is shown that between children, girls
and boys including, there appear multilateral meaningful relations. There
develops a core of the class (a "leader group") which functions as a
primary collective. The class becomes a referent group for the children in
relation to values which are meaningful to them. Learning is just the activity
within which there appears in younger schoolchildren and starts growing a new
and socially
173
useful
activity of communication promoting further development of personality, and
where the first grounds of the school collective find shape.
METHODOLOGICAL
AND THEORETICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A. R. LURIA'S WORKS
Ye.
D. Khomskaya
The
article provides an analysis of A. R. Luria's
contribution to the development of Marxist psychology and to the development of
general methodological and theoretical psychological problems. Theoretical and
experimental findings of A.R. Luria in the following
fields are described: social, social-historical, biological, and genetic
determination of man's psyche; mediation of higher psychological functions by
signs-symbols; system organization of psychological functions and of the mind
in general; brain mechanisms of the mind; relative contribution of the
psychological and of the physiological, of the practical and of the conceptual
in the development of a psyche. Common psychological programme
which unites A.R. Luria's work with works of L.S. Vygotsky and A.N. Leontiev and
which constitutes the content of a single scientific school is also presented
and analyzed.
V. N.
MYASITSCHEV AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY
T. A. Nemchin, P. O. Serebryakova
The
article is a concise description of the creative biography of a well-known
Soviet pedagogue, psychologist and doctor V. N. Myasishchev. Basic stages of Myasishchev's
scientific-research activity connected with the study of personality in norm
and pathology, and of man's temperament and abilities are considered. Special
accent is made on his contribution to the development of Soviet medical
psychology and psychodiagnostics, as well as to
preparation of professional psychologists. Role of Myasishchev
as an organizer of the Soviet psychological theoretical and applied work is
also described.
DEVELOPMENT
OF В. М. TEPLOV'S SCHOOL AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH GROUP
M. G. Yaroshevsky, V. V. Umriukhin
The
authors trace the history of development of the scientific school of an
outstanding Soviet psychologist В. М. Teplov who
created a new field of psychology — the differential psychophysiology. The
concept of the "scientific research programme"
considered as an inseparable unity of social-scientific,
personal-psychological, logical and subject-matter aspects, was taken as a
basic one in the authors' analysis of the school. Thus it was possible to
outline the role of the subject-matter and social factors in the development of
В.М. Teplov's school, as well as the main stages of this
process, to characterize the creative work of this research group, and to show
the contribution of the school to the study of man's individual differences.
OCCUPATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SPERE OF KNOWLEDGE, A FIELD OF SCIENCE, AN ACADEMIC SUBJECT, AND
A PROFESSION
E. A. Klimov
The
author designates the total of psychological information about work and worker
as the sphere of the occupational psychology; science proper, as a branch of
the scientific knowledge, constitutes one subdivision of it. Social necessities
may require creation of a corresponding academic subject and of professional
education. Occupational psychology as an academic discipline is assumed to be
isomorphic to the professional culture which appears in the sphere of practical
problems connected with the necessity to take into account the psychology of
workers. Practicing psychologists are therefore assumed to represent the basic
group of the professional community of occupational psychologists. The rest of
the profession are to store and organize the traditions of the professional
culture, to pass them to students, and to engage in the researches of urgent
problems. The author names deed, as a specific unity of intention, performance
and evaluation of performed, the unit of the psychological work. The article
contains also an enumeration of main aspects of the occupational psychology as
a field of science.
TO THE
PROBLEM OF STUDY OF ACTOR'S ABILITIES
V. I. Kochnev
Three
most general conditions for successful acting have been established:
containment of the activation of the actor's nervous-psychological apparatus
within certain optimal limits, correlation of the dynamic characteristics of
the actor's emotional state in the process of performing a role with the
dynamics of the mental "unfolding" of the role's life circumstances
in the form of images, presence of a super-goal: creative need for
communication at a high level of generalization. The three conditions are shown
to be closely connected with the fundamental concepts in K.S. Stanislavsky's system as well as with specific
manifestations of activity and self-regulation which, on the one hand, opens a
way for a psychological interpretation of K.S. Stanislavsky's
system and, on the other hand, for an experimental study of actor's abilities.
174
PSYCHOLOGY
OF COGNITION BY HUMAN BEINGS OF EACH OTHER
G. A. Kovalev
The
article provides a historical-theoretical study of a relatively young (20
years) field of research in the Soviet psychology called the psychology of
cognition by human beings of each other. This field which develops proceeding
from the general-psychological theory related to B.G. Ananiev
and V.N. Myasishchev's scientific school is an
independent line of studies of problems of the interpersonal cognition and
communication capable of dealing with the corresponding research issues in the
theoretical, experimental, and applied planes.
STUDY OF
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN NORM AND IN
SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
K. V. Bardin, N. G. Totrova
The
authors' experimental study allows them to make some conclusions concerning the
details of the sensory-perceptual process in schizophrenia as compared with
norm. The decision-making mechanism is clearly disturbed in schizophrenic
patients. However the sensory function as such seems to be at that intact or,
at least, little affected.
DIFFERENTIAL
SENSITIVITY TO LOUDNESS, STRENGTH OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL
SCALES OF LOUDNESS
T. A. Ratanova
Individual
differences in sensitivity lo loud-ness, and correlation between the
sensitivity and the strength of the nervous system (I) and the individual
psychophysical loudness scales (2) have been studied on 28 human subjects. Strenght of the nervous system has been measured in terms
of RT. Loudness scales have been obtained by means of comparison of the
presented sounds with the standard. The study shows that in majority of
subjects (70 %) the index of differential sensitivity in the sub-region of weak
sounds (40 db) is inversely correlated with that in the subregion
of strong sounds (120 db). In 30% of subjects there has been established a
direct correlation between the two indices. Subjects with a weak nervous system
possess better differential sensitivity in the subregion
of weak sounds and worse sensitivity in relation to strong sounds. Subjects
with a strong nervous system, on the contrary, are characterized by better
differential sensi-the subregion of
weak sounds and worse sensi-vity in the subregion of strong sounds and by worse sensitivity in
relation to weak sounds.
MAN'S
THINKING AND PROCESSION OF INFORMATION BY A COMPUTER
S. I.
Shapiro
A study
is described where the author has defined and experimentally interpreted the
notion of the logical-psychological dimension (LPD) of the microsystemic
model in which the psychological proper, the need-motivational, and
computer-reproducible logical components of thinking are non-disjunctively (in
the sense of Rubinstein-Brushlinsky) combined and
brought apart. The function of the first component consisted in prediction and
in organization of search, of the second — in generation of systems adequately
realizing the prediction of acts (algorythmic acts
included). In LPD topological elements are primary in relation to the algorythmic ones which constitute the basis of computer's
programs. Some possibilities and limitations for reproduction of psychological
phenomena by computers are discussed.
INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL
PECULIARITIES OF THE PROBABILISTIC PREDICTIONS MADE BY ADOLESCENTS
S. L. Makarenko
A study
of the probabilistic prediction in adolescents under conditions of presentation
of sygnals with different probabilities has revealed
three types of prognostic activities similar to those characteristic of adult
subjects: 1) prevalence of choices of highly probable events, 2) probabilistic
correspondence of predictions and events, 3) prediction of alternative events
on the basis of equal probabilities. Comparison of subjects differing by the
parameter "strength-weakness of the nervous system" shows that
"strong" subjects tend to make probabilistic preditions
of the first type, "middle" subjects tend to predictions of the
second type, and "weak" — to the third type.
PROBABILISTIC
MEASURES OF «SLUR» IN IMAGE RECOGNITION PROCESSES
O. G. Chorayan, E. A. Kogan
Psychological
study of recognition by a human subject of a visual image under conditions of
progressive increase of the informational value of an incomplete, slurred,
image has been used in order to calculate the «slurred probability» of
subjects' choice-making and to find a measure of their alternative responses.
It is suggested that there may be an analogy between real psychophysiological
mechanisms and the image recognition
175
model
suggested by the authors on the basis of a combination of some elements of the
theory of slurred sets and of slurred algorythms.
A DEVICE FOR
SEMI-AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF OSCILLOGRAMS
M. I. Izotov, A. M. Novikov
The
authors describe a device for semi-automatic processing of oscillograms
which they designed and successfully used for some years. The device enables
the researcher to measure mean value and dispersion of amplitudes, phases, and
other parameters of oscillograms, and therefore to
reduce the time spent on processing them by 4—5 times.
GENOTYPICAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN THE PARAMETERS OF EVOKED POTENTIALS CORRELATED
WITH THE ORIENTING AND DEFENSIVE RESPONSES
B. I. Kochubey
Evoked
potentials (EP) which developed in the Cz
point in response to 80 db tones (orienting response, OR) and to 105 db tones
(defensive response, DR) as well as their dynamics in the process of extinction
have been studied in 86 subjects (monozygotic and dizygotic
twins). Distribution of the phenotypical dispersion
into the genotypical and environmental components has
been performed by means of the modified bio-metrical analysis. The genotype
predominantly influences variation of amplitudes of the PI and P2 components
and to a lesser extent of the P3 component.