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SUMMARIES

 

RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE USSR APS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF GENERAL AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

V. V. Davydov

The article provides a concise review of general theoretical results of the scientific activities that have been going on in the Institute since the establishment of the Soviet State. The Institute's researchers (and among them such outstanding scientists as N.A. Bernstein, P.P. Blonsky, L.S. Vygotsky, A.V. Zaporozhets, A.N. Leontiev, A.R. Luria, S.L. Rubinstein, A.A. Smirnov, В.М. Teplov and others) made significant contribution into theoretical and experimental elaboration of the fundamentals of Marxist psychology.

Future lines of the Institute's scientific activity represent psychological ideas developed within different approaches formed on a common basis of Marxist methodology. A number of studies performed now in the Institute (in the field of general psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology, psychophysiology, and psychology of management) seek to specify those ideas. The author describes also the content of the above studies as well as the primary problems the Institute will try to solve in the coming decades.

 

PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING THE HUMAN OPERATOR TO BE READY FOR ACTIONS UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

G. T. Beregovoi, V. A. Ponomarenko

The article provides a psychological analysis of emergency situations. A conceptual model of teaching is suggested which assures development in the human operator of the ability to act under extreme conditions. Examples and experimental data concerning the pilot's behavior in real-life situations of the above type are presented.

 

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF THE PRESENT-DAY ADOLESCENT

D. I. Feldstein

Some psychological peculiarities of adolescence as a particular phase in the psychological maturation (the phase of transition from childhood to adulthood) are considered. The author presents major developmental trends in adolescence, defines basic problems which have been studied in the experiments summed up in the paper, and suggests future lines of studying the principles of education of 10—16 years olds. Main attention is given to the problem of understanding the trends in the development of personality in the present day adolescents, as well as to the peculiarities of their self-consciousness and of their social activity.

 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPACITY FOR MENTAL BEHAVIOR IN I-Х GRADE SCHOOL-CHILDREN

A. Z. Zak

The paper contains results of an experimental study of the capacity for mental behavior in 7—17 years old school-children. Main components of the latter have been established (mental analysis of conditions of a problem, finding out and designating relations between objects, planning of the decision, and comprehending corresponding ways and methods), as well as the levels of its development (initial, partial, total). A procedure called by the author "a play of repetition", designed as a means to reveal the level of development of the capacity in a group experiment, is described in sufficient detail. It has been established that the capacity develops in three stages: the first one ends by 9 years, the second occupies the period from 9 to 12 years, the third ends by 12 years.

 

MEMORY AND PECULIARITIES OF GOAL-SETTING IN THE LEARNING ACTIVITY OF YOUNGER SCHOOL-CHILDREN

N. V. Repkina

The paper presents results of an experimental study of memory and goal-setting in third grade school-children. Some conclusions are made concerning conditions facilitating development of memory, and concerning correlations between voluntary and involuntary memory, between memory and thinking, memory and capacity for goal-setting.

 

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE AND THEIR DEPENDANCE ON TEACHING METHODS

A. K. Dusavitsky

A study of interpersonal relations as they develop in younger school-children under conditions of learning is described. It is shown that between children, girls and boys including, there appear multilateral meaningful relations. There develops a core of the class (a "leader group") which functions as a primary collective. The class becomes a referent group for the children in relation to values which are meaningful to them. Learning is just the activity within which there appears in younger schoolchildren and starts growing a new and socially

 

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useful activity of communication promoting further development of personality, and where the first grounds of the school collective find shape.

 

METHODOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A. R. LURIA'S WORKS

Ye. D. Khomskaya

The article provides an analysis of A. R. Luria's contribution to the development of Marxist psychology and to the development of general methodological and theoretical psychological problems. Theoretical and experimental findings of A.R. Luria in the following fields are described: social, social-historical, biological, and genetic determination of man's psyche; mediation of higher psychological functions by signs-symbols; system organization of psychological functions and of the mind in general; brain mechanisms of the mind; relative contribution of the psychological and of the physiological, of the practical and of the conceptual in the development of a psyche. Common psychological programme which unites A.R. Luria's work with works of L.S. Vygotsky and A.N. Leontiev and which constitutes the content of a single scientific school is also presented and analyzed.

 

V. N. MYASITSCHEV AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY

T. A. Nemchin, P. O. Serebryakova

The article is a concise description of the creative biography of a well-known Soviet pedagogue, psychologist and doctor V. N. Myasishchev. Basic stages of Myasishchev's scientific-research activity connected with the study of personality in norm and pathology, and of man's temperament and abilities are considered. Special accent is made on his contribution to the development of Soviet medical psychology and psychodiagnostics, as well as to preparation of professional psychologists. Role of Myasishchev as an organizer of the Soviet psychological theoretical and applied work is also described.

 

DEVELOPMENT OF В. М. TEPLOV'S SCHOOL AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH GROUP

M. G. Yaroshevsky, V. V. Umriukhin

The authors trace the history of development of the scientific school of an outstanding Soviet psychologist В. М. Teplov who created a new field of psychology — the differential psychophysiology. The concept of the "scientific research programme" considered as an inseparable unity of social-scientific, personal-psychological, logical and subject-matter aspects, was taken as a basic one in the authors' analysis of the school. Thus it was possible to outline the role of the subject-matter and social factors in the development of В.М. Teplov's school, as well as the main stages of this process, to characterize the creative work of this research group, and to show the contribution of the school to the study of man's individual differences.

 

OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A SPERE OF KNOWLEDGE, A FIELD OF SCIENCE, AN ACADEMIC SUBJECT, AND A PROFESSION

E. A. Klimov

The author designates the total of psychological information about work and worker as the sphere of the occupational psychology; science proper, as a branch of the scientific knowledge, constitutes one subdivision of it. Social necessities may require creation of a corresponding academic subject and of professional education. Occupational psychology as an academic discipline is assumed to be isomorphic to the professional culture which appears in the sphere of practical problems connected with the necessity to take into account the psychology of workers. Practicing psychologists are therefore assumed to represent the basic group of the professional community of occupational psychologists. The rest of the profession are to store and organize the traditions of the professional culture, to pass them to students, and to engage in the researches of urgent problems. The author names deed, as a specific unity of intention, performance and evaluation of performed, the unit of the psychological work. The article contains also an enumeration of main aspects of the occupational psychology as a field of science.

 

TO THE PROBLEM OF STUDY OF ACTOR'S ABILITIES

V. I. Kochnev

Three most general conditions for successful acting have been established: containment of the activation of the actor's nervous-psychological apparatus within certain optimal limits, correlation of the dynamic characteristics of the actor's emotional state in the process of performing a role with the dynamics of the mental "unfolding" of the role's life circumstances in the form of images, presence of a super-goal: creative need for communication at a high level of generalization. The three conditions are shown to be closely connected with the fundamental concepts in K.S. Stanislavsky's system as well as with specific manifestations of activity and self-regulation which, on the one hand, opens a way for a psychological interpretation of K.S. Stanislavsky's system and, on the other hand, for an experimental study of actor's abilities.

 

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PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION BY HUMAN BEINGS OF EACH OTHER

G. A. Kovalev

The article provides a historical-theoretical study of a relatively young (20 years) field of research in the Soviet psychology called the psychology of cognition by human beings of each other. This field which develops proceeding from the general-psychological theory related to B.G. Ananiev and V.N. Myasishchev's scientific school is an independent line of studies of problems of the interpersonal cognition and communication capable of dealing with the corresponding research issues in the theoretical, experimental, and applied planes.

 

STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN NORM AND IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS

K. V. Bardin, N. G. Totrova

The authors' experimental study allows them to make some conclusions concerning the details of the sensory-perceptual process in schizophrenia as compared with norm. The decision-making mechanism is clearly disturbed in schizophrenic patients. However the sensory function as such seems to be at that intact or, at least, little affected.

 

DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO LOUDNESS, STRENGTH OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL SCALES OF LOUDNESS

T. A. Ratanova

Individual differences in sensitivity lo loud-ness, and correlation between the sensitivity and the strength of the nervous system (I) and the individual psychophysical loudness scales (2) have been studied on 28 human subjects. Strenght of the nervous system has been measured in terms of RT. Loudness scales have been obtained by means of comparison of the presented sounds with the standard. The study shows that in majority of subjects (70 %) the index of differential sensitivity in the sub-region of weak sounds (40 db) is inversely correlated with that in the subregion of strong sounds (120 db). In 30% of subjects there has been established a direct correlation between the two indices. Subjects with a weak nervous system possess better differential sensitivity in the subregion of weak sounds and worse sensitivity in relation to strong sounds. Subjects with a strong nervous system, on the contrary, are characterized by better differential sensi-the subregion of weak sounds and worse sensi-vity in the subregion of strong sounds and by worse sensitivity in relation to weak sounds.

 

MAN'S THINKING AND PROCESSION OF INFORMATION BY A COMPUTER

S. I. Shapiro

A study is described where the author has defined and experimentally interpreted the notion of the logical-psychological dimension (LPD) of the microsystemic model in which the psychological proper, the need-motivational, and computer-reproducible logical components of thinking are non-disjunctively (in the sense of Rubinstein-Brushlinsky) combined and brought apart. The function of the first component consisted in prediction and in organization of search, of the second — in generation of systems adequately realizing the prediction of acts (algorythmic acts included). In LPD topological elements are primary in relation to the algorythmic ones which constitute the basis of computer's programs. Some possibilities and limitations for reproduction of psychological phenomena by computers are discussed.

 

INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE PROBABILISTIC PREDICTIONS MADE BY ADOLESCENTS

S. L. Makarenko

A study of the probabilistic prediction in adolescents under conditions of presentation of sygnals with different probabilities has revealed three types of prognostic activities similar to those characteristic of adult subjects: 1) prevalence of choices of highly probable events, 2) probabilistic correspondence of predictions and events, 3) prediction of alternative events on the basis of equal probabilities. Comparison of subjects differing by the parameter "strength-weakness of the nervous system" shows that "strong" subjects tend to make probabilistic preditions of the first type, "middle" subjects tend to predictions of the second type, and "weak" — to the third type.

 

PROBABILISTIC MEASURES OF «SLUR» IN IMAGE RECOGNITION PROCESSES

O. G. Chorayan, E. A. Kogan

Psychological study of recognition by a human subject of a visual image under conditions of progressive increase of the informational value of an incomplete, slurred, image has been used in order to calculate the «slurred probability» of subjects' choice-making and to find a measure of their alternative responses. It is suggested that there may be an analogy between real psychophysiological mechanisms and the image recognition

 

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model suggested by the authors on the basis of a combination of some elements of the theory of slurred sets and of slurred algorythms.

 

A DEVICE FOR SEMI-AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF OSCILLOGRAMS

M. I. Izotov, A. M. Novikov

The authors describe a device for semi-automatic processing of oscillograms which they designed and successfully used for some years. The device enables the researcher to measure mean value and dispersion of amplitudes, phases, and other parameters of oscillograms, and therefore to reduce the time spent on processing them by 4—5 times.

 

GENOTYPICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN THE PARAMETERS OF EVOKED POTENTIALS CORRELATED WITH THE ORIENTING AND DEFENSIVE RESPONSES

B. I. Kochubey

Evoked potentials (EP) which developed in the Cz point in response to 80 db tones (orienting response, OR) and to 105 db tones (defensive response, DR) as well as their dynamics in the process of extinction have been studied in 86 subjects (monozygotic and dizygotic twins). Distribution of the phenotypical dispersion into the genotypical and environmental components has been performed by means of the modified bio-metrical analysis. The genotype predominantly influences variation of amplitudes of the PI and P2 components and to a lesser extent of the P3 component.