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SYSTEMS APPROACH ÒÎ THE ANALYSIS OF THE ACQUISITION OF SPEECH SOUNDS IN CHILDREN
V. I. Bel'tiukov
In the process of acquisition the speech sounds possess the same basic characteristics as other linguistic elements, i. e. they are discrete, hierarchical, heterogeneous, and linear. Since the language is a structured system, the process of acquisition of speech sounds can be considered a system too. However this system would differ from the system of phonemes which is also acquired by the child in the following: 1) the code for sound pronunciation consists of triplets while the system of standard phonemes is programmed in binary units; 2) when pronounced, speech sounds are acquired not through the mechanism of opposition, i. e. of shifting from relatively rude differentiation to more subtle ones, but by means of shifting from the midway articulation to its two extreme types (dichotomy); 3) at certain levels of sound system development there appear temporary substitutes of sounds, which do not correspond to Russian pnonemes while at the same time can be considered structural elements of the phonemic system. All this proves that the process of acquisition of speech sounds can not be reduced to imitation. On the contrary, specific features of the pronunciation acquisition program point to the existence of inherent regularities of the development of the speech-motor analyzator. In other words this process should be described as an interaction of two systems which are not only essentially different, but also opposite to each other; the last fact helps to explain the results brought about by the interaction.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FATIGUE BY MEANS OF INDICES OF ACTIVATION
G. A. Striukov, T. N. Dolgolenko, O. A. Konopkin
Weariness in a worker can be described as a state with ambivalent desires and competing motives: on the one hand—motives of recovery, self-preservation, decreased activity; on the other hand—motives of social responsibility, and of maintaining the present level of activity through extra-mobilization. Depending on the particular pattern of all these factors, on the tasks performed, and on the subjective meaning of the goals pursued by the worker, we may observe in him highly varied functional states.
The changes in the indices of activation which accompany the mental fatigue mainly reflect the secondary compensatory reactions connected with the psychological level of the activity regulation. Depending on situation the compensatory reactions can take the shape of a "blockade", "inhibition", etc., or vice versa—of "tension", "stress", etc. This absence of the one-to-one correspondence between the functional expression of fatique and the underlying cause must be therefore taken into account in any diagnostical procedure.
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CHANGES IN THE INTERCONNECTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF MASTERING THE SKILL
A. A. Yeroshenko
The study has been performed with the view of proving that the sets of the temperamental characteristics and of the personality's relations belong to two different hierarchical levels of the individuality. The results obtained in the study lead the author to make a conclusion that shanges in the inter-level connections of particular features of the teacher's skill are brought about by the progress in mastering that skill.
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE DIAGNOSTICS AND OPTIMIZATION OF RELATIONS IN THE FAMILY
A. A. Zakharov
As a result of a clinical-psychological study of over 500 families of neurotic children and adolescents there was established a pathogenic role of disturbed relations within family and of the improper upbringing in the development of the psychopathological personality. Special attention is devoted by the author to the neurotic changes in the personality of parents resulting from the disturbed relations in the fore-parental family and to their role in the development of relations between parents, and parents and children in the present. Psychotherapy is regarded as an inter-personal process directed at restructuring of the family relations and at restoration of the mental health of the family members. The obtained data can be used by a number of researchers studying family and problems of children education, and for the prevention of neuro-psychological disturbances.
PERSONALITY-ROLE APPROACH TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL-EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
V. I. Voitko
The social-psychological aspect of the instructional and educational work is described. Two objective forms of man's existence—as an individual and as a group member—are natural bases for the individual and the personality-role approaches to the conceptualization and organization of every human activity, the instructional-educational work including.
The author describes the following principles of the personality-role approach to the organization of the pedagogical work: 1) the instructional-educational process is the common activity of the teacher and the pupil (the principle of common activity); 2) the pupil is not only an object but also a subject of this process (the "most of the pupil" principle); 3) instruction and education are best performed through communication (the "influence through communication" principle); 4) social roles are changed in the instructional-educational process (the principle of the role prospect). Some preliminary results of the realization of the above principles in the organization of the pedagogical process are presented.
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MEMORY AND SELF-APPRAISAL IN SCHOOL-CHILDREN
A. I. Lipkina
It has been established in many studies that "Zeigarnik's phenomenon" depends on a number of personality variables. In the author's experiments memorization of completed and non-completed actions was studied as a function of the subjects' self-appraisal. Original methods designed by the author specifically for the study have revealed that whenever performance of the task resulted in higher self-appraisal the completed actions were better memorized than non-completed.
ON THE INTELLECTUAL FEELING OF COMPLETENESS OF A STATEMENT.
L. P. Doblayev
It has been found out that school-children (and especially those younger than the VII-th grade level) are characterized by the insufficient development of the highly important intellectual ability to estimate the completeness of the subject-predicate structure of a text. They fail both to identify incomplete structures and to mentally reconstruct them or fill them up. This results in poor understanding of texts and in poor generation of new texts (e. g. when writing compositions).
The described intellectual feeling and ability can be easily developed by means of a system of special exercises similar to those which have been used in the author's experiment. However further studies are needed in order to find the optimal procedures of the development of the above skill.
HISTORICAL ISSUES OF THE DOMESTIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORKS OF A. A. SMIRNOV
G. M. Yaroshevsky
Principal place in the studies of A. A. Smirnov belongs to the history of psychological ideas in XIX—XX centuries Russia. He revealed their close relations with the moral needs of the Russian society, and dedicated special attention to those directions and concepts which were based on materialistic ideas concerning the mental regulation of behaviour.
SATISFACTION WITH MEMBERSHIP IN A GROUP IN RELATION TO SOME LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT PHENOMENA
R. L. Krichevsky, M. M. Smirnova
The research of the authors has been performed with the view to reveal whether satisfaction of the personnel with membership in the group is connected with the ability of the boss to play the role of the scientific
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and emotional leader. The data obtained in the study of 12 scientific groups show that whenever the boss is also the scientific leader, satisfaction of the staff with the scientific athosphere in the group as well as their desire to maintain the group are relatively high. At the same time leadership of the boss in the emotional (communicative) sphere may not influence positively the two above indices. The results of the research are interpreted as indicative of the significance for the members of scientific groups of the two basic spheres of their activity described above.
COHESION AS A FACTOR OF GROUP EFFICIENCY
R. L. Nemov, A. G. Shestakov
The article deals with an experimental study of the relation between the cohesion of group members (evaluated by means of a sociometric procedure, and some other methods based on A. V. Petrovsky's stratometric theory of the collective) and the efficiency of real-life collectives. It has been found out that cohesion defined as uniformity of values and orientations in group members (goal unity and motivation unity) is a more important factor than the sociometric unity; at that its importance increases as the collective becomes progressively more developed.
ABILITY TO PROGNOSTICATE IN UNEQUIVOCALLY DETERMINED SITUATION IN NORM AND PATHOLOGY
A. Yu. Akopov, F. I. Sloutchevsky
Experimental studies of the prognostication ability confirmed that subjects are capable of revealing cyclic signals. Cognitively oriented healthy subjects tend to take into account the order of signals in succession and not the probability of their occurence, although they are fully capable of assimilating the frequency patterns of the experimental situations. Schizophrenic subjects tend to expect the stimuli to be equiprobable; their prognostications are random, they expect to win at every step, and tend to equalize the frequencies of alternatives. As a whole these subjects prognosticate in unequivocally-determined situations significantly worse than healthy ones (the quality of prognostication depends on the stage of the pathological process and on the state of the patient on the experimental day; prognostication ability is much higher at the time of remission).
PECULIARITIES OF TRANSFORMATION OF CONFLICTING PROBLEM SITUATIONS BY PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
N. Ye. Veraksa
Transformation of conflicting problem situations in the process of imaginary anticipation is considered by the author one of the main conditions of the development of thinking in the preschool child.
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A NOTE ON THE THEORY OF QUICK MOVEMENT ACCURACY
I. Ye. Tsibulevsky
The author presents careful solution of the problem concerning the scatter of hits produced by voluntary movements, which constitutes the basis of the theory of the quick movement accuracy suggested by R. Schmidt et al. It is shown that the problem was solved by them with mistakes which resulted in erroneous qualitative conclusions. The correct conclusion should consist in the following. In conditions when the path and time are given, quick movements fall into two categories: aimed and not-aimed. Accuracy of the aimed increases with time, while the accuracy of the not-aimed does not depend on time.
STUDY OF SITUATIONAL SOCIAL ATTITUDES OF POLAR EXPLORERS
N. V. Yadov
Random samples of 40 polar explorers and of 40 members of engineering staff were studied in order to compare their situational social attitudes under conditions of relative social isolation (the former) and in normal socio-psychological situation (the latter).