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ÐÅÇÞÌÅ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ
URGENT PROBLEMS OF THE PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
A. M. Markova
The author outlines basic directions for the fundamental research in the pedagogical psychology: proper understanding of the subject-matter of the discipline at the contemporary stage of its development; elaboration of its categories; establishment of necessary links with the developmental psychology; and working up of research methods. An attempt is made by the author to show the role of psychologists in the study of complex psychological-pedagogical problems important for the school: elaboration of modern learning methods (and especially of intensive methods), working out of the subject-matter of particular school curriculum subjects, elaboration of qualitative criteria of the efficiency of the school educational process, basing the necessity of the institution of school psychologists and working out of corresponding organizational measures.
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE PSUCHOLOGY OF LABOR EDUCATION
F. I. Ivatschenko
Revision and generalization of the data piled up in psychology has enabled the author to offer an interpretation of the psychological meaning and means of further elaboration of certain pressing problems concerning labor education of the rising generation. In particular the following problems are considered: development of the communist attitude to work, means of turning the work as something performed out of a sense of duty into the work as an inner need, teaching children the rights and obligations associated with the working activity, elaboration of criteria of the efficient labor education, further improvement of research methods, Basic mechanisms through which the working activity influences the personality are also discussed in the paper.
PLANNING AS THE MAIN LINE AND THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RESEARCH IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT
V. S. Lazarev
Improvement in the design of management systems can not be achieved until we overcome some contradictions inherent in the system engineering methodology—particularly those concerning the place and role of man in the system. It means that both general psychology and the psychology of management must set before themselves certain difficult problems critical for the theory and practice of management.
The author suggests some general principles of the conceptualization and study of problems in the psychology of management. In his view the central issue of the psychological study of the managerial activity consists in the preparation and realization by the manager of a net of collective acts; planning in social-systems comprises therefore the key to understanding of individual planing activities. This approach allows the
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author to single out four groups of problems which have to be dealt with in order to obtain a standard description of managers' activities connected with the preparation and realization of system plans.
PAIRED SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATIONISM AS A FORM OF CREATIVE ACTIVITY
N. L. Gindilis, Â. Ì. Kedrov
The article deals with the phenomenon of paired collaborationism in scientific work. The phenomenon is philosophically analysed with the help of the following three dialectical categories: the singular, the particular, the universal. Psychological aspects of the paired scientific collaborationism are described, and particular examples of "psychological complementarity" are presented. The authors introduce the concept of "creative complementarity" as a manifestation of N. Bohr's general-gnoseological complementarity principle and as a property of any paired scientific collaboration. Some conditions necessary for the development of paired collaborationism are considered.
L. S. VYGOTSKY'S THEORY AND THE CONCEPT OF OBJECT ACTIVITY IN PSYCHOLOGY
V. V. Davydov, L. A. Radzikhovsky
All attempts of critical analysis of L. S. Vygotsky's work which can be found in Soviet psychological literature are in fact projections of the views of the authors of corresponding studies. Each of them tried to reconstruct basic concepts of L. S. Vygotsky proceeding from the sum of their own ideas and from the contemporary state of psychology. In the present article an essentially different analytical approach is suggested— based on the study of the inner logic of Vygotsky's conceptualizations and of their links with a wide historical context. The fundamental problem of criteria of the authenticity of the historical research are discussed. The authors separately treat the methodological and the, purely psychological aspects of L. S. Vygotsky's creative work. The article "Consciousness as a problem of the psychology of behavior" has been used to show how L. S. Vygotsky developed his theoretical program with its. central idea that the psychologist should exceed the bounds of mind in order to explain it.
IMITATIONAL MODELLING IN THE PEDAGOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
I. I. Logvinov
The article presents a mathematical model of learning, and shows how it can be used for drawing up syllabi in individual subjects.
Two possible ways of using the model are considered: 1) analysis of syllabi compiled by experts on presence in them of logical-didactical contradictions;
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2) drawing up of optimal syllabi corresponding to pre-determined criteria of optimization.
Both possibilities have been provided with programs realized on the "ÁÝÑÌ-6" computer.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOAL-SETTING AS A FACTOR OF LEARNING ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO THE TYPE OF LEARNING
V. T. Dorokhina
Development of purpose (goal) in connection with a school assignment is the primary factor in the development of learning activity; however it can appear only together with the whole system of learning factors, and the process of its formation heavily depends on the type of learning. When learning is designed in such a way that the goal is represented as a method of transformation of the learning activity's object, and when the whole system of learning factors is deliberately developed, then the goal-development process reaches the highest level where there appear new goals of activity independently of external conditions.
ON THE PSYSHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
OF VOLUNTARY REPRODUCTION
Ya. V. Boi'shounov
The task of the experiments reported in the paper consisted in the study of the role of the second sygnalling system in the regulation of voluntary reproduction. According to the obtained data, subjects respond quicker to those verbal stimuli which constitute a meaningful part of the reproduced action. This finding enables the author to suggest that in the process of voluntary reproduction functioning of those neural connections which correspond to the reproduction of the task set before a subject, is selectively facilitated. This selective activation of memory traces is controlled, by all means, by the second sygnalling system's regulator mechanism.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF THINKING ON MEMORIZATION
A. N. Shlytchkova
The following types of memory were experimentally compared: involuntary memorization in the process of thinking, mixed memorization under conditions of separation of thinking and mnemic activities, combined memorization under conditions of simultaneous performance of both activities, voluntary memorization in the absence of the mnemic task as such.
Involuntary memorization turned out to be the most efficient, while the least efficient was the voluntary one. Statistically significant differences were obtained mainly under conditions of delayed reproduction. Differences in the productivity of memory are explained" by the author by different levels of thinking activity at the time of memorization.
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ADAPTATION TO THE INVERTED VISION
A. D. Logvinenko, L. G. Zhedounova
The adaptation to inverted retinal images has been studied. The experiment lasted for ten days and in the end complete perceptual adaptation was achieved. As an objective criterion of the perceptual adaptation we used the recovery of the constancy of the perceived form which, as had been earlier shown by us, drops practically to the zero value following the application of the inverted prisms. Another result was establishment of the correct and of the inverted vision zones (during the experiment vision could be either correct or inverted depending on the line of sight). Development of adaptation manifested in ever widening zone of correct vision accompanied by corresponding narrowing of the inverted vision zone; Visual-motor coordination was also tested during the experiment.
METHODS AND PRINCIPLES
OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL PSYGHOPHYSICS
AS APPLIED TO THE TASK OF QUALITY ESTIMATION
S. M. Kozlovsky
Multidimensional psychophysics which studies the regularities of the subject's interaction with real objects in the process of perceiving them, is a natural outcome of developments in the classical and contemporary unidimensional psychophysics.
Original methods of the author enabled him to establish basic laws of the multidimensional psychophysics and to suggest some practical recommendations concerning the estimation of quality in a number of industries: cinematographic technology food production, etc.
ROLE OF COOPERATION WITH PUPILS OF THE SAME AGE
IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF YOUNGER SCHOOL-CHILDREN
M. P. Romaneyeva, G. A. Tsoukerman, N. E. Fokina
The central question dealt with in the article concerns the role of communication with other pupils of the same age (as compared with the role of communication with the teacher) in the psychological development of the younger school-age children. An experiment is described where one class was taught Russian as a whole in the absence of corresponding communication between the pupils, while in the other class such communication was deliberately organized. It has been found out that introduction of cooperation into the pupils' learning activity results in considerably higher comprehension of developed learning operations.
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PECULIARITIES OF THE DESIGN OF INSTRUCTIONAL TASKS AND ACTIVITIES AIMED AT DEVELOPMENT OF MOVEMENT;
IN CHILDREN
M. M. Abysov
Results obtained in the study performed by the author enable him to make the following conclusions. Physical exercises can he successfully presented to children in the form of specific instructional tasks. Teaching of this type is much more efficient than that performed in accordance with conventional methods. It leads to improvement in children of more general motor properties, and creates therefore favourable conditions for easy acquisition of different motor skills in future. Further studies are needed in order to design a complete system of physical training based on the above principle.
A TEST OF THE OPERATIVE MEMORY
Yu. Z. Gil'boukh, L. P. Oudodova
Successive stages in the elaboration of a test of the operative memory are described: setting of a task, working out of a corresponding conceptual model, construction of corresponding devices and procedures, empirical approbation. The test is characterized by high reliability; the article contains also some arguments confirming its meaningful validity and prognostic value.
THINKING MOTIVATION IN A CONFLICT SITUATION
E. Z. Ousmanova
The paper presents an experimental study of the motivational function of thinking under conflicting conditions of activity. Four groups of subjects were revealed in the study: 1) with the domination of the cognitive motivation, 2) with the domination of the achievement motivation, 3) with motivation which changed from the domination of the achievement motivation to the domination of the cognitive motivation, 4) with unclear motivation. The results obtained show significant personality-motivational differences which appear under conditions of conflicting play activity.
ON PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE DEDUCTIVE THINKING
M. S. Yeritsian
In the process of drawing a conclusion from a set of premises (deduction process) the following generalized skills (or mental operations) are of primary importance: assertion and negation; categorization; opposition and contraposition; statements of "there is", "there is no" type; statements of relevance (irrelevance), of belonging to a class, of identity and similarity, of equality, etc.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-APPRAISALS AND SELF-APPRAISALS IN STUDENTS OF TURNERY IN A VOCATIONAL TRAINING
SCHOOL
R. V. Kert
Those personal qualities which are considered valuable in colleagues and in oneself (inter-appraisal and self-appraisal) have been studied in 1-st, 2-nd, and 3-rd year students of a vocational training school (i. e. of a school which provides both professional and general education). Appraisals of the students by the group master have been also taken into consideration (a group of metal-turners participated in the study).
It has been found out that the inter-appraisals and self-appraisals constitute a system which undergoes regular changes in the process of mastering the skill. In the beginning those qualities are considered the most valued which pertain to "a good student in general", however with the time the qualities of a "worker", of "a good friend in work" come to the forefront. This trend is better expressed in self-appraisals. However the system of the master's appraisals does not practically change, and remains at the level of requirements to "a good student".