The complex experimental study has shown relative independence of verbal and non-verbal components of abilities in adolescents. A comparative analysis presents more close links between verbal ability components and the successful mastering of liberal arts subjects while non-verbal components appear more closely related to science subjects. Relatively more frequent dominance of the right hemisphere was found in the audio-verbal perception of adolescents as compared with that of adults. With 8th-form pupils having higher level of non-verbal abilities it is the right hemisphere dominance in the working-over of audio-verbal and visual information that is more often found. It was shown that the non-verbal ability components remain not disclosing the existing educational system and are the reserve for raising of the efficiency of schooling.