Main trends in the study of musical abilities are discussed. Proceeding from the fact that musical ear, sense of rhythm, and memory for music do not correlate with efficient musical-creative work, a new approach to the study of musical abilities is suggested. It is based on the necessity to reveal, while using the musical material, the abilities to analyze, synthesize and generalize relations between elements of the so-called musical form. Psychological study of musical abilities therefore requires assimilation of musicological methods.