A summary article which includes material concerning particular republics provided by different authors. Each one contains a historical excursus which relates developments in the present-day scientific psychology with millenial traditions of the pre-scientific lore. A number of important problems in psychology of personality, for example, can be found in the so-called didactic poetry, in the folklore, and in works of a number of thinkers and poets of the Orient. Peculiar ways of development of the scientific psychology and of its present-day state are shown by the authors. Positive aspects as well as shortages and limitations peculiar to each particular republic are also presented.