The authors trace the history of development of the scientific school of an outstanding Soviet psychologist Â.Ì. Teplov who created a new field of psychology - the differential psychophysiology. The concept of the "scientific research programme" considered as an inseparable unity of social-scientific, personal-psychological, logical and subject-matter aspects, was taken as a basic one in the authors' analysis of the school. Thus it was possible to outline the role of the subject-matter and social factors in the development of Â.Ì. Teplov's school, as well as the main stages of this process, to characterize the creative work of this research group, and to show the contribution of the school to the study of man's individual differences.